口服莫沙必利治疗功能性消化不良的随机对照试验

目的　观察新型促胃肠动力药莫沙必利 (胃 5 HT4受体促进剂 )对功能性消化不良 (FD)的随机对照试验。方法　FD患者 42例 ,随机分为试验组 (2 1例 ,服枸橼酸莫沙必利片 )和对照组 (2 1例 ,服吗叮啉片 )。采用GCP标准 ,双盲法观察 ,在实验开始前、服药第 1 4、2 8天记录症状变化及副作用发生情况。随机抽取部分患者于实验开始前和结束时做99MTc胃排空试验。结果　莫沙必利对FD症状的疗效与吗叮啉组相当 (P >0 .0 5 )。99MTc胃排空测定发现莫沙必利组治疗后的半排时间 (45 .0 5± 1 2 .2 1 )min缩短 ,1 2 0min残留率 (2 9.73%± 8.5 1 % )减少 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,两组病例未发现毒副反应。结论　莫沙必利对于FD疗效良好 ,对胃排空延迟有良好疗效 ,安全度高。     

Effects of insulin resistance and insulin secretion on the efficacy of interventions to retard development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the DA Qing IGT and Diabetes Study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of insulin resistance (IR) and insulin secretion (IS) on the development of diabetes mellitus in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) who underwent lifestyle interventions. METHODS: 284 out of 577 individuals with IGT identified by population-based screening in Da Qing, China, who were randomized to undergo diet change and/or increased physical activity had baseline fasting and 2 h post-load insulin determinations. They were followed for 6 years for the development of diabetes. IR and IS were assessed using calculated indices based on fasting plasma insulin and glucose. The interactions of IR, IS, obesity and plasma glucose and the effects of the lifestyle interventions were evaluated using Cox Proportional Hazards analysis. RESULTS: Both IR and IS were significantly associated with the development of diabetes. Lifestyle interventions were more effective in those with lower IT and higher IS at baseline. Diet plus exercise interventions resulted in significantly lower incidence of diabetes, even after controlling for IR, IS, BMI and 2hrPG. CONCLUSION: Both IR and beta-cell function were predictors of diabetes in Chinese with IGT. Lifestyle intervention reduced the incidence of DM and these interventions were more effective in those with less IR.     

Interleukin-11 stimulates multilineage progenitors, but not stem cells, in murine and human long-term marrow cultures

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a bone marrow microenvironment-derived growth factor with pleiotropic effects on a variety of hematopoietic cells. To more accurately assess the effects of IL-11 on stem and progenitor compartments within the hematopoietic microenvironment (HM), we added recombinant human (rh) IL-11 to human and murine long-term bone marrow cultures (LTMC) and analyzed primitive (high proliferative potential- colony forming cells [HPP-CFC], long-term culture-initiating cells [LTC- IC], and long-term reconstituting stem cells) and progenitor (day 12 colony forming unit-spleen [CFU-S12], colony forming unit-megakaryocyte [CFU-Mk] and colony forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage [CFU-GM]) compartments throughout the duration of the cultures. rhIL-11 (100 ng/mL) added twice weekly resulted in significantly increased nonadherent (NA) cellularity, CFU-GM, and CFU-Mk production in human LTMC. Addition of rhIL-11 to murine LTMC was associated with a 5- to 40- fold increase in CFU-GM and a four- to 20-fold increase in day 12 CFU-S in NA cells. However, IL-11 had no significant effect on total HPP-CFC concentration and decreased the size of the more primitive stem/progenitor compartment as evidenced by both decreased LTC-IC frequency in human LTMC and decreased frequency of long-term reconstituting stem cells in murine LTMC. These data suggest that IL-11 may increase commitment of stem cells into a multipotential progenitor compartment.     

Ambulante Schulung bei Typ-1-Diabetes

Background

Education for type 1 diabetic patients is an essential part of therapy; however, little is known about the current setting of education in Germany.

Aim

For the first time the PRIMASCOPE study was able to shed light on this topic.

Material and methods

A questionnaire regarding the setting and frequency of education, evaluation of available education programs and appraisal of possible goals and contents of education was sent to diabetologists throughout Germany. Data from 818 diabetologists could be analyzed.

Results

According to diabetologists nearly 25?% of patients with type 1 diabetes never took part in a structured education and 40?% of patients have an elevated need for diabetes education. The most important goals of diabetes education were enhancing self-management, optimizing quality of life and boosting motivation. In general, psychosocial goals and contents were rated as important as medical goals and contents. Furthermore, diabetologists indicated a great need for a follow-up education after 2 years for the topics motivation, physical activity, nutrition and hypoglycemia. Diabetologists were relatively dissatisfied with the best known education program “Treatment and Education Program for Intensified Insulin Therapy”. The best known problem-specific education program “HyPOS” achieved the highest satisfaction.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that many type 1 diabetic patients are in need of a structured diabetes education. In addition, diabetes education is a complex intervention which should cover not only medical but also psychosocial goals. The current dissatisfaction with basic education programs suggests that a comprehensive education concept which covers both medical and psychosocial issues is lacking.     

Cross-sectional analysis of the implant-abutment interface

The purpose of this study was to develop a technique to evaluate the implant-abutment gap of an external hexagon implant system as a function of radius. Six implants of 3.75 mm in diameter (Conexao Sistema de Protese Ltda, Sao Paulo, Brazil) and their respective abutments were screw connected and torqued to 20 N cm(-1). The implants were mounted in epoxy assuring an implant long-axis position perpendicular to the vertical axis. Each implant was grounded through its thickness parallel to implant long-axis at six different distance interval. Implant-abutment gap distances were recorded along the implant-abutment region for each section. Individual measurements were related to their radial position through trigonometric inferences. A sixth degree polynomial line fit approach determined radial adaptation patterns for each implant. Micrographs along implant sections showed a approximately 300 mum length implant-abutment engagement region. All implants presented communication between external and internal regions through connection gaps and inaccurate implant-abutment alignment. Average gap distances were not significantly different between implants (P > 0.086). Polynomial lines showed implant-abutment gap values below 10 mum from 0 mum to approximately 250 mum of the implant-abutment engagement region. Gap distances significantly increased from approximately 250 mum to the outer radius of the implant-abutment engagement region. The technique described provided a broader scenario of the implant-abutment gap adaptation compared with previous work concerning implant-abutment gap determination, and should be considered for better understanding mechanical aspects or biological effects of implant-abutment adaptation on peri-implant tissues.     

Flare-ups in endodontics and their relationship to various medicaments

The purpose of this research is to investigate the frequency of endodontic flare-ups using a visual analogue scale. Definitions of flare-ups vary widely as does their reported frequency. A flare-up was defined as an increase of 20 or more points on the visual analogue scale for a given tooth, within the periods of 4 h and 24 h after the initial treatment appointment. The data from a previous study were used to determine the incidence of flare-ups after using three modalities (Ledermix, calcium hydroxide and no medication) to manage patients presenting for relief of pain of endodontic origin. A statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in flare-up rates at both the 4-h and 24-h periods between the three modalities. Further research is required using the above definition of a flare-up and standardising treatment protocols.     

Evaluation and treatment of hirsutism in premenopausal women: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to develop clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of hirsutism in premenopausal women. PARTICIPANTS: The Task Force was composed of a chair, selected by the Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee (CGS) of The Endocrine Society, six additional experts, two methodologists, and a medical writer. The Task Force received no corporate funding or remuneration. EVIDENCE: Systematic reviews of available evidence were used to formulate the key treatment and prevention recommendations. We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) group criteria to describe both the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. We used "recommend" for strong recommendations, and "suggest" for weak recommendations. CONSENSUS PROCESS: Consensus was guided by systematic reviews of evidence and discussions during one group meeting, several conference calls, and e-mail communications. The drafts prepared by the Task Force with the help of a medical writer were reviewed successively by The Endocrine Society's CGS, Clinical Affairs Core Committee (CACC), and Council. The version approved by the CGS and CACC was placed on The Endocrine Society's Web site for comments by members. At each stage of review, the Task Force received written comments and incorporated needed changes. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest testing for elevated androgen levels in women with moderate or severe hirsutism or hirsutism of any degree when it is sudden in onset, rapidly progressive, or associated with other abnormalities such as menstrual dysfunction, obesity, or clitoromegaly. For women with patient-important hirsutism despite cosmetic measures, we suggest either pharmacological therapy or direct hair removal methods. For pharmacological therapy, we suggest oral contraceptives for the majority of women, adding an antiandrogen after 6 months if the response is suboptimal. We recommend against antiandrogen monotherapy unless adequate contraception is used. We suggest against using insulin-lowering drugs. For women who choose hair removal therapy, we suggest laser/photoepilation.     

An evaluation of a new single‐use flexible bronchoscope with a large suction channel: reliability of bronchoalveolar lavage in ventilated piglets and initial clinical experience

A single‐use flexible bronchoscope with a large suction channel has become available recently and we have evaluated this innovative device. Firstly, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and quantified in ventilated piglets. Next, the bronchoscope was evaluated in three intensive care units and a satisfaction questionnaire was carried out. Sixteen bronchoalveolar lavages were performed in piglets with a recovery rate of 83 (79–86 [72–89])% of the instilled volume. Quality and performance of all devices tested was identical. The medical satisfaction questionnaire was as follows: ‘acceptable’ to ‘very good’ for quality of aspiration, manoeuvrability and quality of vision; ‘very good’ to ‘perfect’ for setting up and insertion. This encouraging preliminary evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of this new single‐use device, which may obviate the need for disinfection procedures and, thereby, eradicate a potential vector of patient cross‐contamination.