Clinico-tactical classification of compression-flexion injuries of the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spine

In the article is presented classification, which takes into consideration mechanisms and sequence of spinal segment destruction in case of compression-flexion violence. On the basis of experimental and clinical data are shown the stages of destruction and their roentgenologic diagnosis, prognostication of some other damages, which are not detected by common methods. Differentiated curative tactics, taking account of necessary restorative measures in correspondence with stages and resolution types, is given.     

Argon laser pretreatment in Nd: YAG iridotomy

Argon laser pretreatment prior to Nd:YAG laser iridotomy may decrease the incidence of operative hemorrhage. In a prospective, randomized clinical trial involving 12 patients (24 eyes), one eye was randomly assigned treatment with the Nd:YAG laser alone, while the other eye was pretreated with argon laser photocoagulation immediately prior to Nd:YAG laser. Eight of the 12 eyes (67%) treated with Nd:YAG laser alone had operative hemorrhages; only 2 of the 12 (17%) pretreated eyes did. Thus, argon laser pretreatment significantly reduced the incidence of hemorrhage during Nd:YAG iridotomy (P = .012).     

Academia Eurasiana Neurochirurgica Brain Death

Conclusions Brain death (or cerebral death) means definitive cessation of all neural functions above the spinal cord, thus implying the irreversible loss of all cerebral and brain stem functions.Spinal cord activity may persist after brain death-priapism, persistence of myotatic reflexes- for a few minutes and this spinal activity may be responsible for coarse limb movements after life-support machines have been turned off.The preservation of these spinal reflexes reinforces the advice to allow only responsible doctors to assist at the declaration of death of the patient.     

Incidence of femoral and tibial shaft fractures. Epidemiology 1950-1983 in Malm?, Sweden

We studied 362 fractures of the femur that had occurred during the years 1950-57 and 1973-83, and 849 fractures of the tibia that occurred during the the years 1950-55 and 1980-83. There was an increase in age-specific incidence over aged 60 years. The risk of low-energy femoral shaft fractures also had increased in elderly women. Both fracture types shifted their age- and sex-specific incidence in the direction of a fragility pattern. There was no increase in the incidence of tibial shaft fractures. Fracture type, site, and degree of displacement of the tibial fractures remained unchanged during the 30 years, i.e, they were predominantly distal, longitudinal fractures with moderate displacement.     

Trend surface models in the representation and analysis of time factors in cancer mortality

A method of graphic representation of time factors in cancer mortality is presented, based on different tonalities of grey applied to the surface of the matrix defined by various age-specific rates. It is illustrated using mortality data from cancers of the mouth or pharynx, oesophagus, larynx and lung in Italian and Swiss males. Progressively more complex regression surface equations are defined, on the basis of two independent variables (age and cohort) and a dependent one (each age-specific rate). General patterns of trends were thus identified, showing important similarities in cohort and period effects, but also noticeable differences in time-related factors in mortality from various neoplasms of the upper digestive and respiratory tract. For instance, there were declines in mortality from cancers of the mouth or pharynx in the oldest age groups, whereas rates were appreciably upwards at younger and middle age, particularly in Italy. Likewise, cancers of the oesophagus and, chiefly, of the larynx were substantially increasing, on a cohort basis, in oldest Italian males. Temporal pattern for laryngeal cancer in Italy was similar to that of lung cancer, thus suggesting that (cigarette) smoking has a greater impact on this cancer site as compared with alcohol. However, it is difficult to explain, on this basis alone, the totally diverging pattern for cancer of the larynx (downwards) and of the lung (upwards) observed among older Swiss males. These examples indicate that trend surface models are a useful summary guide to illustrate and understand the general patterns of age, period and cohort effects in cancer mortality.