The geographic distribution of un-immunized children in Ontario,Canada: Hotspot detection using Bayesian spatial analysis

BackgroundIn Ontario, Canada, little is currently known about the extent to which un-immunized children may cluster geographically. Our objectives were to: describe the geographic distribution of fully un-immunized children; identify geographic clusters (hotspots) of un-immunized children; and to characterize the contribution of spatial effects and covariates on hotspots, where found.MethodsOur analytic cohort consisted of Ontario students aged 7–17 years in the 2016–2017 school year. We defined students as un-immunized if they had zero doses of any vaccine and a non-medical exemption recorded in Ontario’s registry. We calculated unadjusted proportions of un-immunized students by Census Subdivision (CSD) and then used a sequential approach to identify hotspots starting first with hotspot identification at the CSD level and then probed identified hotspots further by Dissemination Area (DA) and including covariates. Hotspots were identified using the Besag-York-Mollie Bayesian spatial model and were defined as areas with >95% probability of having two times the proportion of un-immunized students, relative to the province overall.ResultsWe identified 15,208 (0.94%) un-immunized children within our cohort consisting of more than 1.61 million students. Unadjusted proportions of un-immunized students varied greatly by geography, ranging from 0% to 21.5% by CSD. We identified 16 hotspot CSDs which clustered in five distinct areas, all of which were located in southern Ontario. The contribution of covariates and spatial effects on the risk of having un-immunized students varied greatly across hotspot areas.ConclusionsAlthough the provincial proportion (0.94%) of un-immunized students is small, geographical clustering of such students is evident in Ontario and in some areas presents an important risk for future outbreaks. Further qualitative work within these hotspot areas would be a helpful next step to better characterize the factors associated with vaccine refusal in these communities.     

"健康中国"战略下临床医学专业本科生职业医学教育的实践与探索

临床医学专业学生是职业病的诊断、治疗、康复和预防的未来主干力量,因而在"健康中国"战略下采用多元化教学方式培养学生解决问题的能力,提高临床医学生学习职业医学的积极性,推进职业医学专业人才队伍建设,对维护全体劳动者身体健康、促进经济社会协同发展具有重要意义。     

分散固相萃取-气相色谱串联质谱法测定菊花茶中的56种农药残留

目的 建立菊花茶中56种农药残留的分散固相萃取（QuEChERS） - 气相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱（GC - MS/MS）测定方法。方法 样品用乙腈提取,PSA+C18+GCB混合型分散固相萃取剂净化,DB - 5MS色谱柱分离,多反应监测模式（MRM）检测,外标法定量。结果 在0.005～500 mg/L范围内,56种农药的线性相关系数均≥0.995,方法定量限为0.002～0.057 mg/kg,平均回收率为60.0%～118.0%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.53%～20.09%。结论 该方法简单快速灵敏,可以实现菊花茶中农药残留的快速高通量检测。     

甘孜州12岁藏族儿童牙周健康现状及其相关因素分析

目的 了解四川省甘孜州地区12岁藏族儿童的牙周疾病情况及相关影响因素。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,在甘孜州地区选取12岁藏族儿童共489名,对其牙周情况进行检查,并进行问卷调查,采用Mann-Whitney U检验和卡方检验比较数据差异,对牙周疾病危险因素采用多因素logistic回归分析。结果 甘孜州藏族儿童的牙石平均检出率和平均检出牙数为82.8%、6.06;平均牙龈出血率和平均检出牙数为75.5%、6.25。男生牙石和牙龈出血情况均比女生严重(P<0.05)。城市儿童牙龈出血率比农村高(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归结果提示,拥有兄弟姐妹是牙龈出血的保护因素(一个: OR=0.230, 95%CI: 0.100~0.550 二个: OR=0.310, 95%CI: 0.110~0.870 三个及更多: OR=0.150, 95%CI: 0.050~0.480),更高的父亲学历是牙龈出血的保护因素(OR=0.290, 95%CI:0.100~0.820)。每周饮用甜饮料是牙石的危险因素(OR=3.870, 95%CI:1.540~9.750)。 结论 甘孜州12岁藏族儿童牙周患病情况不容乐观,需加强针对这一人群的口腔预防保健干预。     

骶管内蛛网膜囊肿的诊断及治疗体会

目的探讨骶管内蛛网膜囊肿的发病机理、临床特点及治疗方法.方法 9例患者经MRI检查确诊,全部采取手术摘除治疗.结果随访9例,时间8月～5年,平均2.8年,手术摘除治疗骶管内囊肿的疗效满意,随访中未发现囊肿复发和神经损伤再加重.结论骶管内囊肿是相对常见的疾病,好发于40岁以上人群,与退变性腰椎疾病的临床表现有很大的相似处,易误诊;本病最好的诊断方法是行腰骶椎MRI检查;治疗以手术切除囊肿壁为主,具有较好的疗效.     

Dissecting the mammalian synaptonemal complex using targeted mutations

In many organisms completion of the first meiotic cell division depends on the correct assembly and disassembly of the synaptonemal complex (SC). This is a structure discovered a little over 50 years ago, which is formed by the close association of axes of homologous sister chromatid pairs. Its structure varies between organisms, although it retains a common tripartite organization in species as evolutionarily distant as budding yeast and humans. In mammals it is essential for crossover formation and completion of meiosis. Components of the mammalian SC have been identified only in the last 15 years, and mouse genetic approaches have started revealing the importance for this structure only in the past 5 years. Here we discuss the progress that has been made in the field of the mammalian SC and what approaches could be considered for its further study.     

高血压病100例的血液流变性观察

对１００例高血压病患者行血液流变学检测并与１０４例健康人对比，结果表明：高血压病的血液流变学指标均高于正常人，且症状越重，血液流变学指标就越高。结果提示，高血压病症状的严重程度与血液粘滞度的增高呈平行关系。     

围术期高血糖的流行病学研究进展

目的：围术期高血糖的研究逐渐成为临床研究的热点。在围术期高血糖的流行病学研究中发现，围术期各种因素的影响致使高血糖的发生率较高，其结果导致了围术期并发症发生率的升高和生存率的下降，与围术期高血糖在血液流变学中呈现出高粘滞状态和微循环灌流障碍相关。     

刺五加对豚鼠地高辛中毒的影响

豚鼠灌服地高辛复制地高辛中毒模型，研究五加对地高辛中毒的影响。结果发现，服刺五加组豚鼠发生心律失常较未给药组明显推迟，而血中地高辛浓度则显著高于未给药组，提未临床应用地高辛时同时给予刺五加有于减少减轻地高辛的毒性反应。