Reverse engineering techniques applied to a human skull,for CAD 3D reconstruction and physical replication by rapid prototyping

The production of a copy of an existing object of complex shape is one of the typical applications of the integration between two modern computer-based technologies, reverse engineering (RE) and rapid prototyping (RP). The method is extremely versatile and can be used in various applicative domains (e.g. replacement of anatomical parts with artificial prostheses, replication of skeletal remains). Two different acquisition techniques of images of a skull, by laser and by CT scan, were compared to ascertain which enabled more accurate reproduction of the original specimen. The skull was chosen due to it being the body part most often used in medico-legal investigations (for personal identification, skull-photo superimposition techniques, forensic art, etc). Comparison between the copy and the original yielded satisfactory results for both techniques. However, CT scanning demonstrated some advantages over the laser technique, as it provided a cleaner point cloud, enabling shorter pre-reproduction processing times, as well as data on the internal parts, which resulted in the reproduction of a more faithful copy.     

School children's own views,roles and contribution to choices regarding diet and activity in Spain

Background Behaviours regarding food and activity are learned during childhood and continue throughout life. Children can be very important agents in making decisions concerning their own well‐being and care and their perspective is essential to understanding how they and/or others make choices for them to achieve a healthy lifestyle. However, their perspectives remain under‐researched. This study provides an insight into school children's own perspectives, behaviours and contribution to food and activity choices. Methods The paper reports on the findings from an ethnographic study with 38 Spanish children aged 5–7 years. Information was obtained through participant observations, diaries kept by children and group interviews. Data were analysed using techniques of analytical induction and constant comparison. Results The children who took part in this study described choices about activities with enthusiasm. Children saw activity as a way of learning new things, mastering skills and socializing. They were willing to try and experience new activities and games. However, the activities performed depended on parents' agendas and security issues. In contrast, children reported less interest in and active involvement in food choices. They contributed to family food choices indirectly through the expression of their preferences, not wanting to eat what they disliked or tasting new foods. Conclusion Children had strong preferences and motivations, particularly about activities which could be harnessed in interventions to prevent obesity and promote healthy diet and activity. Parental involvement and commitment is also important both to encourage exercise according to children's interests and active informed food choices, including introduction to unfamiliar foods.     

Routine diagnostics for neural antibodies,clinical correlates,treatment and functional outcome

Objective

To determine frequencies, interlaboratory reproducibility, clinical ratings, and prognostic implications of neural antibodies in a routine laboratory setting in patients with suspected neuropsychiatric autoimmune conditions.

Methods

Earliest available samples from 10,919 patients were tested for a broad panel of neural antibodies. Sera that reacted with leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1), contactin-associated protein-2 (CASPR2), or the voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex were retested for LGI1 and CASPR2 antibodies by another laboratory. Physicians in charge of patients with positive antibody results retrospectively reported on clinical, treatment, and outcome parameters.

Results

Positive results were obtained for 576 patients (5.3%). Median disease duration was 6 months (interquartile range 0.6–46 months). In most patients, antibodies were detected both in CSF and serum. However, in 16 (28%) patients with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies, this diagnosis could be made only in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The two laboratories agreed largely on LGI1 and CASPR2 antibody diagnoses (κ = 0.95). The clinicians (413 responses, 71.7%) rated two-thirds of the antibody-positive patients as autoimmune. Antibodies against the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), NMDAR (CSF or high serum titer), γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABABR), and LGI1 had ≥ 90% positive ratings, whereas antibodies against the glycine receptor, VGKC complex, or otherwise unspecified neuropil had ≤ 40% positive ratings. Of the patients with surface antibodies, 64% improved after ≥ 3 months, mostly with ≥ 1 immunotherapy intervention.

Conclusions

This novel approach starting from routine diagnostics in a dedicated laboratory provides reliable and useful results with therapeutic implications. Counseling should consider clinical presentation, demographic features, and antibody titers of the individual patient.

     

Variants and new entities of bladder cancer

Pathological evaluation of bladder cancer typically reveals great tumour heterogeneity, and therefore the common observation of urothelial carcinoma exhibiting a wide variety of histopathological patterns is not surprising. Some of these patterns are so distinctive that they have been recognised as specific variants of urothelial carcinoma. Classifications have recently been revised in the 2016 World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. The current WHO classifications clarify terminological issues and provide better definition criteria, but also incorporate some new entities. Many of these variants have important prognostic or therapeutic implications worth knowing by the urologist and oncologist, but also represent diagnostic challenges in daily pathology practice. This review will discuss the features of variants of urothelial carcinoma in the context of our current clinical practice. Histological variations and new entities of bladder cancer not included in the current WHO classification of urothelial tumours will be briefly discussed.     

Effects of a Standard American Diet and an anti‐inflammatory diet in male and female mice

Background

Obesity and chronic pain are prevalent concerns. Pain is frequently experienced in weight‐bearing joints, but is common in other areas of the body as well, suggesting other factors. Poor diet often contributes to obesity and can directly influence the immune system. We have shown that poor diet prolongs recovery from inflammatory injury. Therefore, our goal was to determine whether poor‐quality diet‐induced consequences could be prevented or reversed by an anti‐inflammatory diet (AID).

Methods

A Standard American Diet (SAD) was developed to investigate the effects of poor diet on pain. The SAD includes amounts of refined sugar, carbohydrates and fats that better model the typical American diet, as compared to high‐fat diets. We developed an AID to explore whether the effects of the SAD could reverse or whether the AID would enhance recovery prophylactically. The AID was developed using ingredients (epigallocatechin gallate, sulforaphane, resveratrol, curcumin and ginseng) with known anti‐inflammatory properties. Following 15 weeks of diet [SAD, AID or regular (REG)] exposure, male and female mice underwent inflammatory injury, at which point some animals had their diets switched for the remainder of the study.

Results

Animals who consumed the SAD showed longer recovery compared to the AID‐ and REG‐fed animals. Animals switched off the SAD had faster recovery times, with AID‐fed animals recovering as fast as REG‐fed animals.

Conclusions

Poor diet prolonged recovery from inflammatory injury. Substitution of SAD with AID or REG promoted faster recovery. These findings suggest diet can be used as a non‐pharmacological intervention following injury.

Significance

Obesity may increase susceptibility to chronic pain often due to poor diet. Diet has potential to be used as treatment for pain. This study investigates the use of a novel translatable diet to act as a preventative (i.e. prior to surgery) or an intervention (i.e. following an injury).