Anxiety in relation to inflammation and coagulation markers, among healthy adults: the ATTICA study

BACKGROUND: Anxiety is a complex feeling of uneasiness, fear and worry, which has been associated with pulmonary, cardiovascular and other adverse health conditions. The aim of this work is to examine the association of the anxious state with inflammation and coagulation factors, in persons free of cardiovascular disease. METHODS: From May 2001 to December 2002 we randomly enrolled 453 men (19 to 89 years old) and 400 women (18 to 84 years old) stratified by age and gender, from Attica area, Greece. Among others, various inflammation and coagulation markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), amyloid-A, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, white blood cell (WBC), homocysteine and fibrinogen) were evaluated in relation to the anxious state (assessed by the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, STAI) of participants, after several adjustments made for potential confounders. RESULTS: STAI score was positively correlated with C-reactive protein (rho = 0.18, p = 0.01), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rho = 0.11, p = 0.03), interleukin-6 (rho = 0.09, p=0.03), homocysteine (rho = 0.10, p = 0.03) and fibrinogen levels (rho = 0.08, p = 0.04), in men, and positively correlated with C-reactive protein (rho = 0.22, p = 0.01), white blood cell counts (rho = 0.15, p = 0.02), interleukin-6 (rho = 0.12, p = 0.02), homocysteine (rho = 0.07, p = 0.04) and fibrinogen levels (rho = 0.07, p = 0.04), in women. These associations remained significant even after various adjustments were made. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that anxiety was associated with inflammation and coagulation markers in cardiovascular disease-free people. This may raise a hypothesis of a pathway leading to increased cardiovascular events in anxious individuals.     

Diastolic function in young patients with beta-thalassemia major: an echocardiographic study

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate myocardial diastolic function in patients with beta-thalassemia major (beta-TM) using pulsed-tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and flow propagation (VP), in relation to BNP levels. METHODS: We enrolled 192 consecutive patients with beta-TM (88 men (25 +/- 6 years) and 104 women (26 +/- 6 years), with normal left ventricular (LV) systolic function. By TDI, diastolic myocardial velocities were sampled at the lateral section of the mitral annulus (Smv, Emv, Amv). From the apical four-chamber view diastolic transmitral flow velocities, including measures of E- and A-waves were performed. The propagation velocity of early flow into the LV cavity was measured by color M-mode Doppler. Plasma BNP levels were measured in all patients. RESULTS: A nonlinear relationship was found between BNP levels and E/A ratio (beta coefficient for the second-order term = 1.4 +/- 0.4, P = 0.001). We also found a positive association of BNP levels with Amv (r = 0.28, P = 0.023), and a reverse with Smv (r =-0.59, P = 0.01) and Emv/Amv (r =-0.36, P = 0.019). Moreover, an inverse relationship was observed between BNP and Vp (r =-0.43, P = 0.012) levels. Finally, a strong positive linear relationship was found between E/Vp ratio and BNP levels (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A U-curved association of E/A ratio of transmitral Doppler velocity was revealed with BNP levels, while the tissue Doppler of the Emv/Amv of the mitral annulus movement showed a negative linear association with BNP levels.