The single,ancient origin of chromist plastids

Algae include a diverse array of photosynthetic eukaryotes excluding land plants. Explaining the origin of algal plastids continues to be a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Current knowledge suggests that plastid primary endosymbiosis, in which a single-celled protist engulfs and "enslaves" a cyanobacterium, likely occurred once and resulted in the primordial alga. This eukaryote then gave rise through vertical evolution to the red, green, and glaucophyte algae. However, some modern algal lineages have a more complicated evolutionary history involving a secondary endosymbiotic event, in which a protist engulfed an existing eukaryotic alga (rather than a cyanobacterium), which was then reduced to a secondary plastid. Secondary endosymbiosis explains the majority of algal biodiversity, yet the number and timing of these events is unresolved. Here we analyzed a five-gene plastid data set to show that a taxonomically diverse group of chlorophyll c(2)-containing protists comprising cryptophyte, haptophyte, and stramenopiles algae (Chromista) share a common plastid that most likely arose from a single, ancient ( approximately 1,260 million years ago) secondary endosymbiosis involving a red alga. This finding is consistent with Chromista monophyly and implicates secondary endosymbiosis as an important force in generating eukaryotic biodiversity.     

Fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid gland and histopathological correlation--revisited

Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid gland, followed by cytological studies and their correlation with histopathological diagnosis have been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosing disorders of this gland. The cases in which discrepancies had arisen between these two methods of diagnosis have also been reviewed. Out of the total 100 patients studied, 28 were cases of simple colloid goitre, 17 of adenomatoid goitre, 10 of autoimmune thyroiditis ranging from lymphocytic thyroiditis to Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 28 of follicular neoplasia, 10 of papillary carcinoma, one of medullary carcinoma, 2 of anaplastic carcinoma and 4 of cystic lesions of the thyroid gland. Although, fine needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid gland was diagnostic in 75% of cases, it did not correlate with the histopathological diagnosis in the remaining 25% of cases. Possible reasons behind these discrepancies have been discussed.     

Healing Potential of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picrorhiza kurroa</Emphasis> (Scrofulariaceae) rhizomes against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration: a mechanistic exploration.

Background  

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of the rhizomes of the Indian medicinal plant, Picrorhiza kurroa in healing indomethacin-induced acute stomach ulceration in mice and examine its capacity to modulate oxidative stress and the levels of prostaglandin (PGE₂) and EGF during the process.     

Reliability of nested polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of bacterial endophthalmitis.

PURPOSE: To test the utility of DNA Taq polymerase (Taq) treated with 8-methoxypsoralen with ultraviolet irradiation and Taq treated with restriction endonuclease in a nested polymerase chain reaction test for the diagnosis of bacterial endophthalmitis. METHODS: Prospective, comparative study. Vitreous biopsy fluid from 32 cases of clinically diagnosed bacterial endophthalmitis and 10 noninfective controls were cultured for aerobic/anaerobic bacteria and tested by nested polymerase chain reaction using two sets of universal eubacterial primers in triplicate with untreated Taq, Taq treated with 8-methoxypsoralen with ultraviolet irradiation, and Taq treated with Sau 3A1. RESULTS: Using untreated Taq, false-positive results were obtained in nested polymerase chain reaction with all 10 control samples, which were not seen with the other two methods of nested polymerase chain reaction. However, the sensitivity of nested polymerase chain reaction using Sau 3A1 was the same sensitivity as the conventional culture (34.4%), whereas the sensitivity of the nested polymerase chain reaction using 8-methoxypsoralen was 46.9% higher than in the conventional culture. CONCLUSION: To eliminate the problem of false positives in bacterial nested polymerase chain reaction, we recommend the routine utilization of Taq treated with 8- methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet irradiation.     

A novel 33.3 kb deletion (- -KOL) in the alpha-globin gene cluster: a brief report on deletional alpha-thalassaemia in the heterogeneous eastern Indian population

We have detected, in three unrelated eastern Indian individuals, a hitherto unreported alpha zero deletion, - -KOL, in the heterozygous state, encompassing the embryonic zeta2-globin and the duplicated alpha-globin genes extending from c. 1150 bp upstream of the zeta2 globin gene to c. 960 bp downstream of the theta1 gene. Other deletions present in 120 unrelated, eastern Indian, putative alpha-thalassaemia patients are -3.7 kb (16.25%), -4.2 kb (5%) and - -SEA (3.33%).     

Contemporary minimally invasive approaches to the management of acute cholecystitis: a review and appraisal

Acute cholecystitis is one of the most common emergency admissions in surgical practice. This review appraises the available evidence from the English-language literature regarding the minimally invasive approaches to the management of this condition. The following aspects of care are reviewed and appraised: (1) the diagnostic criteria for acute cholecystitis, (2) the optimal timing for cholecystectomy (early, delayed, or interval surgery), (3) the optimal approach to cholecystectomy (laparoscopic versus open), (4) the role of intraoperative cholangiography, and (5) the management of patients unfit for surgery.     

Dementia in india--a critical appraisal

Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterised by acquired loss of cognitive and emotional abilities that interfere with activities of daily living. It is a disease of the older adults. The overall prevalence of dementia in developed countries has been reported to be between 5% and 10% after 60 or 65 years and older. India is the second largest populous country. The prevalence doubles with every five-year increase in age. Looking at some studies, it appears that the prevalence of dementia in India is lower as compared to developed countries and even from other developing countries. The probable reasons for lower prevalence in India are enumerated as: False negatives, low life expectancy, shorter survival and duration of disease, low age-specific incidence. Risk factors include greater age, female sex, less education, positive family history, Down's syndrome, stroke and its risk factors, head trauma with loss of conscionsness and thyroid diseases. Protective factors include higher education, APOE2 gene, intake of antioxidant substances, use of anti-inflammatory drugs, oestrogen supplements in women and also cigarette smoking (controversial). Alzheimer's disease has been found to be commonest cause of dementia. Patients of dementia require proper evaluation and management requires a multidisciplinary approach. The government and the social organisations should come forward and only a concerted effort of all people in every sphere of life will enable to tackle the new menace of this country.     

Obesity in 70-year-old subjects as a risk factor for 15-year coronary heart disease incidence

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of obesity in general and waist circumference (WC) and BMI in particular as risk factors for 15-year incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the elderly. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This prospective study was based on 1597 (737 males and 860 females) 70-year-olds free from CHD and participants of three birth cohorts examined in 1971 to 1972 (Cohort I), 1976 to 1977 (Cohort II), and 1981 to 1982 (Cohort III) at G?teborg, Sweden. Fifteen-year incidence of CHD (fatal and nonfatal) was ascertained from follow-up examinations and registers. Relative risk (RR) for first ever CHD in reference to the lowest quartiles of WC and BMI was calculated from Cox regression. RESULTS: In males, RRs for CHD in the highest WC and BMI quartiles were 1.36 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00 to 1.85] and 1.42 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.92), respectively, after adjustment for cohorts, smoking habits, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol. In men, the risk associated with WC was independent of BMI. Neither WC nor BMI was related to CHD risk in females. After exclusion of first 5-year all-cause deaths, the adjusted RRs in the highest WC and BMI quartiles in males were 1.47 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.04) and 1.42 (1.04 to 1.92), respectively. In females, a significantly higher RR of 1.41 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.94) was observed in the second BMI quartile only after such exclusions. DISCUSSION: WC, an indicator of both central and general obesity, appears to be a stronger predictor of CHD than BMI in elderly males, but in females, obesity was not a risk factor for CHD.