Oxidant-mediated activation of cytosolic phospholipase a(2) in pulmonary endothelium: role of protein kinase C alpha and a pertussis toxin-sensitive protein.

The authors have previously demonstrated that the oxidant t-buOOH stimulates phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (S. Chakraborti et al. American Journal of Physiology, 257, L430-L437, 1989). Herein, the authors sought to investigate the mechanism by which t-buOOH stimulates PLA(2) activity and the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in this scenario. Treatment of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells with t-buOOH stimulated an aprotinin-sensitive protease activity, PKC activity, and PLA(2) activity in the cell membrane. Pretreatment with intracellular Ca(2+) chelator (BAPTA-AM), PKCalpha inhibitor (Go6976), cPLA(2) inhibitor (AACOCF(3)), and pertussis toxin prevented t-buOOH-stimulated PLA(2) activity. Immunoblot studies with aprotinin, cPLA(2), PKCalpha, and Gialpha antibodies revealed their presence in the endothelial membrane. Immunoblot studies of the cell membrane isolated from t-buOOH-stimulated cells with cPLA(2) and PKCalpha antibodies elicited an apparent increase in their immunoreactive protein profiles along with an additional 47-kDa immunoreactive fragment in the membrane. t-buOOH caused Gialpha phosphorylation in the membrane and pretreatment with Go6976 prevented the phosphorylation. Overall, these results suggest that t-buOOH stimulates an aprotinin-sensitive protease activity that proteolytically activates PKCalpha and that subsequently phosphorylates a pertussis toxin-sensitive protein, resulting in the stimulation of cPLA(2) activity in the cell membrane.     

HLA transgenic mice as models of human autoimmune diseases

MHC class II alleles have been linked to several human autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Type I diabetes, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the mechanisms by which expression of certain MHC class II molecules predispose an individual to a particular autoimmune disease are not known, it is clear that increased susceptibility is associated with the polymorphic regions unique to these predisposing HLA alleles. These polymorphic differences may influence susceptibility by selecting potential autoreactive T cells during thymic education. Alternatively, nonsusceptible alleles may either delete or fail to select these potential autoimmune T cells, thus reducing the possibility of developing disease. In the periphery, the unique specificity of the HLA molecule derived from a susceptible allele may then recognize and present an autoantigenic peptide or foreign peptide that may cross-react with an autoantigen, activating these autoreactive T cells and leading to disease. To dissect these possibilities and to determine the exact role of particular HLA-DR or DQ molecules in disease susceptibility, we have generated several lines of HLA-DR and DQ transgenic mice. In this review, we present data summarizing the functions of these HLA class II molecules using well-established mouse models for autoimmune diseases.     

Modulation transfer functions of tomographic systems

The modulation transfer function for an elliptical tomographic scan is derived. Its imaging characteristics are compared with those of linear and circular scans

---

Zusammenfassung Die Modulationsaustauschfunktion einer elliptischen tomographischen Abastung wird abgeleitet. Ihre Abbildungsmerkmale werden mit denen von linearen und runden Abtastungen verglichen.

---

Sommaire La fonction de transfert de modulation d'un balayage tomographique elliptique est dérivée dans cet article. Ses caratéristiques d'image sont comparées avec celles des balayages circulaires et linéaires.

     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of Escherichia coli mutants resistant to lethal action of the bacteriophage lambda P gene.

Both spontaneous and NTG-induced mutants of Escherichia coli 594 insensitive to the lethal action of lambda P gene were isolated and called rpl (resistant to P lethality). These mutants were of two types, showing different phenotypes. On type I rpl mutants, lambda cl- and lambda v1v3 did not plate, while lambda vir, lambda cl- c17, lambda imm434, and lambda imm21 did; plasmid pMR45 carrying the lambda P gene could not complement lambda imm21P- phage in type I mutants. On the other hand, the type II rpl mutants support the growth of all the above phages including lambda cl-. Neither type of rpl mutation affects growth of the bacteria.     

Genetic variation at three VNTR loci in three tribal populations of Orissa,India

BACKGROUND: The variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) loci are robust, simple and rapid tools for genetic characterization of both individuals and populations. This paper presents data on the distribution of three VNTRs (APOB, YNZ22 and D1S80) in three tribal populations (Gadaba, Kuvi-Khond and Paroja) of the Koraput district of Orissa, India with a view to enlarge our understanding of molecular genetic diversity among these tribes and the usage of these VNTRs in anthropogenetic studies. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Three tribal populations were genotyped for APOB, YNZ22 and D1S80 loci using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Gadaba are an Austro-Asiatic tribe while Kuvi-Khond and Paroja are Dravidian tribes. All samples were collected, with consent, from unrelated individuals. RESULTS: The observed allelic variation in these tribes is comparable with many Indian populations, but they showed significant overall and inter-population variability within the region. Allele *24 was the most common allele at the D1S80 locus in all populations, with Gadabas having the highest frequency (50%) followed by Paroja (32%) and Kuvi-Khond (23%). Gadabas also showed a higher frequency of allele *19 (13%) and *31 (9%) compared to other Indian and European populations. In the Apo B system, allele *37 was the most common in all three populations, with Gadabas having the highest frequency (39%) followed by Paroja (24%) and Kuvi-Khond (21%). This allele is present in high frequencies in other Indian (except Gonds) and European populations. Alleles *33 (17%), *35 (20%) and *45 (12%) were also common in the Gadabas, but Kuvi-Khond showed higher frequencies of *31(10%), *35(13%) and the larger allele *49(16%). Paroja, on the other hand, had higher frequencies of *31 (14%), *33 (17%) and *45 (13%). Allele *49 was also present in Paroja (10%) but was absent in the Gadaba. For the YNZ22 system, allele *4 was the most common in Kuvi-Khond (25%) and Paroja (21.4%), and allele *2 was the predominant allele in the Gadaba (33%). However allele *4 still occurs at relatively high frequency in Gadaba (27%). Allele *2 also occurs at relatively high frequency in Kuvi-Khond (20%) and intermediate frequency in Paroja (11%). Average heterozygosity was relatively low for Gadaba (0.7597 +/- 0.0191) and high for Kuvi-Khond (0.8618 +/- 0.0149) and Paroja (0.8512 +/- 0.0190), perhaps a reflection of effective population size and limitations to mating. The level of gene differentiation is, however, low (3-4%) for the three systems studied in these tribal populations and in data compiled from previous studies from the region. CONCLUSIONS: The VNTRs are polymorphic in the tribal populations studied and there is extensive allelic variation. Gadabas are isolated but Kuvi-Khond and Paroja show clear affinities with the Gonds, a major tribal group of Central India. Overall, allele frequency distribution, heterozygosity and genetic diversity analysis show that genetic diversity observed is socially, linguistically and geographically structured in this region.     

Thioredoxin regulation of ischemic preconditioning

Thioredoxins are a class of small redox-regulating proteins that appear to play a crucial role in many oxidative stress-inducible degenerative diseases. A recent study demonstrated a reduction of thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) protein in the ischemic reperfused myocardium. When the same heart was adapted to ischemic stress by preconditioning with repeated cyclic episodes of small duration of ischemia and reperfusion, there was an increased induction of Trx1 expression. Inhibition of Trx1 expression resulted in reduced postischemic ventricular recovery and increased myocardial infarct size in the preconditioned heart. Corroborating these findings, transgenic mouse hearts overexpressing Trx1 were resistant to ischemic reperfusion injury as compared with the hearts from wild-type mice. Thus, it appears that thioredoxin plays a crucial role in cardioprotection induced by preconditioning.     

SPECT changes and their correlation with EEG changes in tuberculous meningitis

OBJECTIVE: In tuberculous meningitis (TBM) blood flow may be altered due to associated vasculitis, hydrocephalus and raised intracranial pressure. Electroencephalography (EEG) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provide information about electrical activity and regional cerebral blood flow respectively. This study aims at the correlation of EEG and SPECT changes in patients with TBM. METHOD: Sixteen patients with TBM whose age ranged between 5 and 62 years and 3 of whom were females were subjected to clinical, radiological (CT and/or MRI), EEG and SPECT studies using 99mTc ethylene cystine dimer (ECD). Ten patients were in stage III and 3 each in stage II and stage I meningitis. Cranial CT scan was carried out in 15 and MRI in 4 patients. Hydrocephalus was present in 9, infarction in 7 and tuberculoma in 5 patients. RESULTS: SPECT studies were abnormal in all except 2 patients revealing basal ganglionic hypoperfusion in 14 and focal cortical hypoperfusion in 9 patients. The EEG was abnormal in 11 patients which included delta slowing in 5, theta slowing in 6, frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA) in 3 and epileptiform discharges in 2 patients. All the patients with abnormal EEG had abnormal SPECT study except 1. In 4 patients, EEG was normal although there was subcortical hypoperfusion on SPECT. In spite of high frequency of focal cortical hypoperfusion (9 patients), EEG revealed focal abnormality in 3 patients only. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the SPECT reveals more frequent abnormalities compared to EEG and CT scan. Cortical hypoperfusion with or without basal ganglia hypoperfusion is associated with FIRDA and diffuse delta slowing on EEG.     

Vitamin B12 deficiency neurological syndromes: a clinical,MRI and electrodiagnostic study

BACKGROUND: Vegetarianism is an important cause of vitamin B12 deficiency, especially in countries like India. We managed 17 patients with neurological syndrome due to vitamin B12 deficiency in a tertiary care referral teaching hospital which caters to relatively affluent population. AIM: To evaluate neurophysiological and MRI changes in patients presenting with vitamin B12 deficiency neurological syndrome and interpret these is the light of reported autopsy findings. SETTING: Tertiary care referral teaching hospital. METHODS: Patients with vitamin B12 deficiency neurological syndrome diagnosed by low serum vitamin B12 and/or megaloblastic bone marrow were subjected to clinical evaluation and spinal MRI. The neurophysiological tests included nerve conduction studies, tibial somatosensory evoked potential (SEP), motor evoked potential (MEP) and visual evoked potential (VEP) studies. The recovery was defined on the basis of 6 months Barthel Index score into complete, partial or poor. RESULTS: There were 17 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency neurological syndrome, 3 were females and 12 lactovegetarian. The clinical syndrome was that of myelopathy in 8, myeloneuropathy in 5, dementia myelopathy in 3 and neuropathy in 1 patient. All the patients had impaired joint position and vibration sensation in the lower limbs and 4 had in upper limbs as well. Lower limbs were spastic in 13 and upper limbs in 2 patients. Spinal MRI revealed T2 hyperintensity in cervicodorsal region in 6 and cord atrophy in 3 patients. Sural nerve conduction was abnormal in 8 and peroneal conduction in 5 patients. In one patient all sensory nerve conductions were unrecordable but motor conductions were normal. Tibial SEP was abnormal in 12 out of 15 and lower limb MEP in 8 out of 12 patients. P100 latency of VEP was prolonged in 7 out of 13 patients. Right to left asymmetry was present in tibial SEP in 4 and VEP in 2 patients. At 6 months followup 2 patients improved completely, 7 partially and 3 had poor recovery. Clinical recovery correlated with MEP but not with SEP or MRI changes. CONCLUSION: The evoked potential and MRI changes in vitamin B12 deficiency neurological syndrome are consistent with focal demyelination of white matter in spinal cord and optic nerve. Myelopathic presentation is commoner and SEP is more frequently abnormal. The outcome at 6 months correlated with MEP changes.