全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4410篇 |
免费 | 212篇 |
国内免费 | 15篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 45篇 |
儿科学 | 87篇 |
妇产科学 | 106篇 |
基础医学 | 695篇 |
口腔科学 | 156篇 |
临床医学 | 339篇 |
内科学 | 866篇 |
皮肤病学 | 58篇 |
神经病学 | 351篇 |
特种医学 | 135篇 |
外科学 | 700篇 |
综合类 | 33篇 |
一般理论 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 286篇 |
眼科学 | 57篇 |
药学 | 335篇 |
中国医学 | 15篇 |
肿瘤学 | 372篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 19篇 |
2022年 | 49篇 |
2021年 | 90篇 |
2020年 | 65篇 |
2019年 | 89篇 |
2018年 | 101篇 |
2017年 | 76篇 |
2016年 | 75篇 |
2015年 | 97篇 |
2014年 | 122篇 |
2013年 | 189篇 |
2012年 | 245篇 |
2011年 | 236篇 |
2010年 | 173篇 |
2009年 | 115篇 |
2008年 | 242篇 |
2007年 | 241篇 |
2006年 | 249篇 |
2005年 | 230篇 |
2004年 | 204篇 |
2003年 | 193篇 |
2002年 | 165篇 |
2001年 | 108篇 |
2000年 | 126篇 |
1999年 | 131篇 |
1998年 | 41篇 |
1997年 | 38篇 |
1996年 | 32篇 |
1995年 | 24篇 |
1994年 | 33篇 |
1993年 | 24篇 |
1992年 | 77篇 |
1991年 | 76篇 |
1990年 | 77篇 |
1989年 | 88篇 |
1988年 | 76篇 |
1987年 | 73篇 |
1986年 | 49篇 |
1985年 | 50篇 |
1984年 | 29篇 |
1983年 | 24篇 |
1982年 | 17篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1979年 | 24篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 17篇 |
1976年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 22篇 |
1973年 | 13篇 |
1967年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有4637条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
991.
To evaluate whether some form of mild immunosuppression may influence the geographical distribution of non-AIDS Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), we correlated incidence rates of KS and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in individuals aged 60 or more in 18 European countries and Israel. Significant positive correlations emerged but, within highest risk countries (i.e. Italy and Israel), internal correlations were inconsistent. 相似文献
992.
993.
BACKGROUND: In a previous organizational study we proposed shared technical initiatives in public occupational health and mental health public services dedicated to mental health at work which is now completely neglected. OBJECTIVES: To study the occupational mental health demand in public health services users by improving shared tools among public health services. METHODS: Data collection on socio-demographic characteristics, relationship between mental health and working environment, organizational constraints in a group of mental, occupational and public health service users (no 90). RESULTS: A third of the users, mostly women, described the working environment as negative for mental health. The main reported organizational constraints were poor career possibilities, relationship with the public and workload. Inadequate workload is the leading cause for a negative evaluation of working conditions for mental health. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that mental health at work is a public health problem that has to be better investigated using tools shared between mental and occupational health services. 相似文献
994.
Kerri Beckmann Hans Garmo Jan Adolfsson Cecilia Bosco Eva Johansson David Robinson Lars Holmberg Par Stattin Mieke Van Hemelrijck 《European urology》2019,75(4):676-683
Background
Some studies suggest that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are associated with higher risk of adverse events than antiandrogens (AAs) monotherapy. However, it has been unclear whether this is due to indication bias.Objective
To investigate rates of change in comorbidity for men on GnRH agonists versus AA monotherapy in a population-based register study.Design, setting, and participants
Men with advanced nonmetastatic prostate cancer (PCa) who received primary AA (n = 2078) or GnRH agonists (n = 4878) and age- and area-matched PCa-free men were selected from Prostate Cancer Database Sweden 3.0. Increases in comorbidity were measured using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), from 5 yr before through to 5 yr after starting androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).Outcome measures and statistical methods
Multivariable linear regression was used to determine differences in excess rate of CCI change before and after ADT initiation. Risk of any incremental change in CCI following ADT was assessed using multivariable Cox regression analyses.Results and limitations
Men on GnRH agonists experienced a greater difference in excess rate of CCI change after starting ADT than men on AA monotherapy (5.6% per yr, p < 0.001). Risk of any new CCI change after ADT was greater for GnRH agonists than for AA (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.20–1.44).Conclusions
Impact on comorbidity was lower for men on AA monotherapy than for men on GnRH agonists. Our results should be confirmed through randomised trials of effectiveness and adverse effects, comparing AA monotherapy and GnRH agonists in men with advanced nonmetastatic PCa who are unsuitable for curative treatment.Patient summary
Hormone therapies for advanced prostate cancer can increase the risk of other diseases (eg, heart disease, diabetes). This study compared two common forms of hormone therapy and found that the risk of another serious disease was higher for those on gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists than for those on antiandrogen monotherapy. 相似文献995.
Roehrl MH Selig MK Nielsen GP Dal Cin P Oliva E 《Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology》2007,450(1):93-101
We report a case of a morphologically unusual renal cell carcinoma with features of both chromophobe and papillary carcinoma.
Immunohistochemical analysis of high molecular weight cytokeratins (HMWCK), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), c-Kit,
and α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) demonstrated differential profiles for the two components of the tumor, consistent with
the respective patterns commonly observed for pure chromophobe and papillary renal cell carcinomas. Specifically, the chromophobe
tumor cells expressed CK7 and c-Kit weakly, while HMWCK, CK19, and AMACR were not detectable. In contrast, the papillary tumor
cells expressed uniformly HMWCK, CK7, and c-Kit and focally CK19 and AMACR. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of
nuclei isolated from paraffin-embedded tumor tissue detected monosomy 1, disomy 7, and monosomy 17, a common and characteristic
finding in chromophobe carcinomas, in a majority of, but not all tumor cells, whereas a population characterized by disomy
1, trisomy 7, and trisomy 17, a frequent finding in papillary carcinoma, was not identifiable. Electron microscopic analysis
revealed numerous characteristic small cytoplasmic vesicles in the chromophobe areas, which were absent in the papillary component.
This case illustrates the rare coexistence of two distinct and admixed histologic types of renal cell carcinoma. 相似文献
996.
Arianna Dal Cin Casey Knight Kaitlyn F Whelan Forough Farrokhyar 《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY》2012,20(1):e6-e9
PURPOSE:
Many women undergo a bilateral reduction mammoplasty after lumpectomy and radiation for breast cancer due to breast hypertrophy. The outcomes of these patients, focusing on complications and the need for additional surgery, are reviewed.METHODS:
A matched case-control study with patients serving as their own control (treated breast cancer breasts were ‘cases’, healthy breasts were ‘controls’) was performed. Patients were identified through hospital records between 1980 and 2007. Patients treated by lumpectomy and radiation with subsequent bilateral reduction surgery were included. Data regarding demographics, medical history, and peri- and postoperative complications were collected. Measured outcomes included hematoma or seroma, delayed wound healing, infection, nipple-areolar complex problems, scarring, asymmetry and the need for further surgery. Continuous variables are reported as mean ± SD, and categorical variables are reported as proportions.RESULTS:
Of the nine patients included in the study, delayed wound healing occurred in 22% of cases. Wound infections occurred in 66.7% of cases, with 22.2% experiencing a second wound infection. One patient experienced partial nipple-areolar complex loss on the radiated breast. There was abnormal scarring in 33.3% of radiated breasts. Postoperative asymmetry occurred in 77.8% of patients. Additional surgery was performed on three patients (33.3%).CONCLUSIONS:
Results of the present study suggest that women with a history of breast cancer treated by lumpectomy and radiation experience higher occurrence of postoperative complications on the radiated breast following bilateral breast reduction. Patients must be informed of these potential risks and require careful postoperative follow-up. An appropriately powered, prospective, multicentred study is required to draw definitive conclusions. 相似文献997.
Alpha-adducin and angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphisms in hypertension: evidence for a joint influence on albuminuria 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pedrinelli R Dell'Omo G Penno G Di Bello V Pucci L Fotino C Lucchesi D Del Prato S Dal Fiume C Barlassina C Cusi D 《Journal of hypertension》2006,24(5):931-937
BACKGROUND: A single-nucleotide polymorphism (Gly460Trp) within the alpha-adducin gene (ADD1) may influence several renal phenotypes, including salt sensitivity, susceptibility to renal failure, the renal haemodynamics and confer a worse cardiovascular risks profile. However, its relationship with microalbuminuria, a marker of early renal and cardiovascular damage and an independent predictor of morbid events in hypertension, is unknown. For this reason, we related the ADD1 genetic polymorphism to urine albumin levels and other clinical variables in essential hypertensive men. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (ID) polymorphism was also evaluated because of its interactive potential with the ADD1 genotype. METHODS: Albuminuria (three overnight collections), echocardiographic left ventricular mass index, blood pressure, body mass index, renal function, glucose and lipids were measured in 238 genetically unrelated, never treated, uncomplicated Caucasian essential hypertensive men. Polymerase chain reaction or a 5' nuclease assay were used to characterize the ACE ID and ADD1 Gly460Trp variants, respectively. RESULTS: Microalbuminuria (albuminuria >or= 15 microg/min) was more frequent in patients with the ACE DD variant, but only in those with a ADD1 Gly460Gly background. In contrast, urine albumin did not differ by ACE ID genotype in the presence of mutated ADD1 Trp alleles. ADD1 polymorphisms per se were not associated with albuminuria. Cardiovascular, renal, metabolic parameters were homogeneously distributed among different genetic backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS: ACE DD and ADD1 Gly460Gly polymorphisms may jointly influence albuminuria in hypertensive men, 460Gly homozygosis facilitating or, possibly, the 460Trp allele mitigating the noxious renal impact of the ACE DD genotype. The data highlight further the complex pathophysiological implications of microalbuminuria in hypertension. 相似文献
998.
Di Mario F Moussa AM Dal Bò N Caruana P Pilotto A Cavallaro LG Cavestro GM Iori V Merli R Franzé A Rugge M 《Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology》2005,20(11):1661-1666
BACKGROUND: The relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication and atrophic changes in the gastric mucosa has not yet been fully defined. Although studies report a partial restoration of serum pepsinogen I (sPGI) levels after eradication, it is not clear if this finding reflects gastric mucosal healing on a morphological level. AIM: To assess alterations in gastric function after H. pylori eradication on moderate/severe body atrophic gastritis by determination of sPGI levels. METHODS: Twenty-three dyspeptic patients, selected from 284 consecutive H. pylori positive patients, with histological features of moderate/severe body atrophic gastritis and sPGI < 25 microg/L (11 men, mean age: 51.8 years, range: 29-79 years), underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with gastric biopsies and sPGI determination at baseline. All patients underwent eradication therapy. Serum pepsinogen I was measured again after 6 months, and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 years after eradication therapy. RESULTS: Mean sPGI levels prior to eradication were 11.9 microg/L (range: 4-23 microg/L). Six months after eradication therapy, mean sPGI levels significantly increased to 17.4 microg/L (P = 0.04). At the completion of the study, 4 years after eradication, sPGI levels increased from 17.4 to 32.7 microg/L (P = 0.01). A significant progressive increase in sPGI levels was observed from 6 months to 1 year (17.4 to 23.9 microg/L) and from 1 to 2 years (23.9 to 26.0 microg/L, P = 0.01). Serum pepsinogen I levels higher than the cut-off value of 25 microg/L were observed at various time-points: 6.3% of patients at 6 months (1/16), 33.3% (5/15) at 1 year, 50% (7/14) at 24 months, 66.7% (6/9) at 36 months and 87.5% (7/8) at 4 years. CONCLUSION: After H. pylori eradication, subjects with body atrophic gastritis showed long-term improvement of physiological gastric function, reflected by significantly and continually increasing sPGI levels over a 4-year period. 相似文献
999.
Background: Unlike the adenoma–carcinoma sequence theory, the de novo carcinoma theory has been highlighted recently because of the emergence of superficial depressed‐type early colorectal cancers. In addition, some flat‐elevated or sessile‐type early colorectal cancers have been identified as originating from superficial depressed‐type early colorectal cancers. Thus, studies of superficial depressed‐type early colorectal cancers may provide an opportunity to clarify the morphogenesis of colorectal cancers in the foreseeable future. Methods: The authors studied 231 cases of early colorectal cancer from 1997 to 2000. Among them, 17 cases (7.4%) were superficial depressed‐type. According to Kudo's classification, the 17 lesions were classified as three types based on their growth patterns: IIc, IIa + IIc, and Is + IIc. They were also classified as sm‐s (sm1) and sm‐m (sm2–3) cancers based on the depth of submucosal invasion according to Kudo's classification. They were analyzed with emphasis on size, depth of submucosal invasion and treatment. Results: Type IIc lesions were 11 mm in diameter on average; types IIa + IIc and Is + IIc had diameters of 15 mm and 11 mm on average, respectively. Sm‐m cancers' diameters were all larger than 10 mm. Fifty‐seven percent (57%) of type IIc cancers were submucosally invasive, while 90% of type IIa + IIc and type Is + IIc cancers together were submucosally invasive. The overall surgical resection rate was 41.2%, and surgical resection was performed in 80% of the sm‐m cases. Conclusion: Recognition of superficial depressed‐type early colorectal cancers, especially type IIa + IIc and type Is + IIc cancers, is important because their biological behavior will most likely be different from that of the usual protruding early cancers. Accordingly, the treatment modality should be selected prudentially, and early detection is imperative in order for their sizes to be less than 10 mm. 相似文献
1000.