Effect of exercise on salivary composition and cortisol in serum and saliva in man

The effect of exercise on electrolytes and cortisol levels in serum and saliva was examined in 27 young, healthy male volunteers who performed graded submaximal cycle exercise for nine min at up to 85% of their age-predicted maximal heart rate. Seventeen men performed the Wingate anaerobic test for 30 s. A significant increase in pulse rate and systolic blood pressure and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure were found, and serum concentrations of Na+, K+, and lactate were significantly elevated immediately after exercise. A nonsignificant increase in saliva and serum cortisol levels was found. Significantly lowered salivary flow rate and elevated salivary K+, protein, and lactate concentrations were found within ten min after exercise. Salivary Mg2+ was significantly elevated after anaerobic exercise only.     

Management of root-amputated maxillary molar teeth: Periodontal and prosthetic considerations

Recent studies have shown that maxillary molar teeth with furcation involvement can be retained for many years in a state of health. Removal of one or more roots may be required to create a morphology that can be maintained. Proper treatment planning is essential for long-term success. The indications for root amputation and surgical technique are described. Esthetic restorative procedures are illustrated.     

Stability of the mandible following advancement: a comparison of three postsurgical fixation techniques

This study examines short-term stability of the mandible following mandibular advancement surgery by means of three standard techniques of postsurgical fixation. Twenty-two adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) underwent sagittal ramus advancement osteotomy of approximately 4 to 6 mm. Six animals had dental maxillomandibular fixation alone. Six animals had dental plus skeletal maxillomandibular fixation with circummandibular wires connected to pyriform aperture wires. Ten animals had rigid internal fixation with bicortical bone screws between the proximal and distal segments without maxillomandibular fixation. Radiographic cephalograms with the aid of tantalum bone markers and dental amalgams were analyzed during the first 6 postoperative weeks to evaluate skeletal and dental stability. Rigid internal fixation and the use of dental plus skeletal maxillomandibular fixation were both equally effective in the prevention of postsurgical relapse. However, in the animals in which only dental maxillomandibular fixation was used, statistically significant changes (relapse) occurred when compared with either of the other groups.     

A longitudinal study comparing scaling, osseous surgery and modified Widman procedures. Results after one year

The purpose of this study was to compare, longitudinally, the effectiveness of scaling and root planing, osseous surgery, and the modified Widman procedures. The study was carried out in a private practice setting. Sixteen adult patients with moderate to advanced adult periodontitis were treated with initial scaling and oral hygiene procedures. Posthygiene data were used for comparison of changes in probing depth, clinical attachment levels and gingival recession. The initial examination data were used to compare changes in plaque and gingival indices. Frequency distributions were used to compare changes that occurred at individual sites. At one year, plaque and gingival indices were significantly reduced when compared with the initial examination. At one year, shallow pockets (1-3 mm) were reduced when compared to posthygiene. Four- to six-millimeter pockets were significantly reduced by the three procedures. Osseous surgery and modified Widman had significantly greater pocket reduction when compared with scaling. For pockets greater than 7 mm, osseous surgery and the modified Widman had significantly greater reduction when compared with scaling. For pockets 1-3 mm at one year osseous surgery had significantly greater clinical attachment loss when compared with scaling. For 4-6 mm pockets at one year, the three procedures had slight gains in clinical attachment levels. The results were similar for pockets with greater than 7 mm. Interproximal soft tissue craters were measured for six postoperative weeks. Initially, the modified Widman had a higher percentage of soft tissue craters when compared with osseous surgery. At six weeks, however, there were no significant differences when the surgical procedures were compared. Recession was measured at each examination. Recession for 1-3 mm pockets at one year was greater for osseous surgery when compared with scaling and the modified Widman. Recession for 4-6 mm and greater than 7 pockets was greater for the surgical procedures than scaling. The results from this study indicate that with three-month maintenance recalls, both the modified Widman and osseous surgery are effective for pocket reduction, and each will produce a slight gain of clinical attachment over one year. Scaling was effective at maintaining attachment levels but was not as effective in reducing pocket depth.     

Scanning electron microscopic study of giant tubule content in bovine dentin

Incisal segments of unerupted permanent incisors from 1/2-1 1/2-yr-old calves were fractured along an axiomesiodistal plane exposing the organic components within the giant tubule lumina situated in this plane. Along the lining wall of the pulpal vascularized giant tubule portion, large flattened cells and a few odontoblasts were situated in shallow depressions. Just incisal to the vascular loop numerous cells were seen, both along the giant tubule wall and enclosed within a loosely textured collagenous matrix. Further incisally, the number and size of the cells decreased, and they were embedded in a compact unmineralized collagenous matrix that completely filled out the giant tubule lumina. This matrix consisted of fibrils regularly arranged in separate bundles whose orientation was mainly longitudinal. The incisal origins of the giant tubules were filled with coarse fibrils being about three times thicker than those of the luminal matrix and those of the circumpulpal dentin proper.     

The intra-oral effect on enamel demineralization of extracellular matrix material synthesized from sucrose by Streptococcus mutans

The role of extracellular matrix material (EMM) synthesized from sucrose (S) by Streptococcus mutans IB-1600 in altering the demineralizing potential of artificial plaque was evaluated with an intraoral enamel demineralization test (IEDT). The artificial plaque samples were prepared from cells cultivated in Todd-Hewitt broth (THB) supplemented with various S concentrations and by mixing THB-grown cells with increasing proportions of EMM (heat-killed THB + 2% S-cultivated cells). The samples were also evaluated for cell density (DNA content) and acidogenicity in vitro (pH-stat), as well as for in situ pH changes during a 45-minute intra-oral test following a 10% glucose rinse. An increase in the proportion of EMM relative to cell density was associated with an increase in enamel demineralization. This trend reversed when the ratio of cells to EMM was less than 1:19. Experiments involving strains of S. mitis, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius suggested a similar effect of EMM. The intra-oral pH data suggest that the presence of EMM may enhance demineralization by altering diffusion properties of plaque.     

Morphometric analysis of digital radiographic bone images for trabecular bone structure

A morphometric analysis system of digital radiographic images was constructed for the clinical evaluation of bone trabecular structural change. This system consisted of computed radiography, a mathematical morphological filter, skeletal morphometric measurements, star volume analysis, and node-strut analysis. The computed radiographic data were morphologically processed, and the trabecular structure was extracted as binary skeletal images. Analyses were made with regard to the skeletal number, separation, perimeter, complexity, continuity, and connectivity. A trial study of this system was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of vitamin K₂ in the osteoporotic patients. The system enabled the quantitative evaluation of bone trabecular structural change. Significant differences were observed in the parameters of the skeletal perimeter, skeletal number, and skeletal connectivity in the femur, and improvements in the trabecular structure were indicated. In the lumbar vertebra, significant differences were observed in nearly the same parameters as the femur, although the trabecular structure had deteriorated. These results suggest that the system for bone morphometric analysis of digital radiographic images is useful for the evaluation of structural change in bone trabeculation. Source of support This work was performed at Kanagawa Dental College, Research Center of Advanced Technology for Craniomandibular Function and was supported by a grant-in-aid for Bioventure Research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology.     

Literaturübersicht und klinische Anwendung eines neu entwickelten Wurzelkanalfüllungsmaterials – erste klinische Erfahrungsberichte mit EndoREZ

Zusammenfassung  Guttapercha in Kombination mit einem Sealer dichtet den Wurzelkanal nicht optimal ab. Es wird nach Alternativen gesucht und im Zuge der dentinadh?siven Revolution in der Füllungstherapie wurden Kunststoffmaterialien für den Verschluss des Wurzelkanals entwickelt. Im nachfolgenden Beitrag werden in einer Literaturübersicht Studien über das neue adh?sive Wurzelkanalfüllmaterial EndoREZ vorgestellt. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich EndoREZ im klinischen Alltag bew?hrt. Dazu wurden 10 Wurzelkanalfüllungen aus der t?glichen Praxis nach einem standardisierten Behandlungsprotokoll hergestellt und r?ntgenologisch nach 6–9 Monaten nachkontrolliert sowie relevante klinische Parameter erfasst. Die Ergebnisse werden kritisch diskutiert und Schlussfolgerungen für den praktisch t?tigen Zahnarzt dargestellt. Korrespondenz: Josef Herbert, Lessingstrasse 50, 39218 Sch?nebeck, Deutschland     

Cardiovascular responses to different stages of restorative dental treatment unaffected by local anaesthetic type

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of maxillary infiltration using 2% lidocaine with 1:100 000 adrenaline, 4% articaine with 1:200 000 adrenaline, and 4% articaine with 1:100 000 adrenaline in different stages during restorative dental procedures. Methods: Twenty healthy patients randomly received 1.8 mL of the three local anaesthetics. Systolic blood pressure, average blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were evaluated by the oscillometric and photoplethysmograph methods in seven stages during the appointment. Results: Statistical analysis by ANOVA and Tukey tests of cardiovascular parameters did not show significant differences between the anaesthetic associations. There were significant differences for the parameters among different clinical stages. Conclusions: The variation of cardiovascular parameters was similar for lidocaine and articaine with both adrenaline concentrations and showed no advantage of one drug over the other. Cardiovascular parameters were influenced by the stages of the dental procedures, which showed the effect of anxiety during restorative dental treatment.