HIV相关性周围神经病诊治进展

周围神经病是人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus, HIV）感染者最常见的神经系统疾病,临床表现以远端对称性周围神经病、急性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病或慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病及多发性单神经病最为常见,严重影响患者的生活质量。本文旨在通过分析HIV相关性周围神经病（HIV peripheral neuropathy,HIV PN）的病理生理变化及发病机制,深入了解HIV PN的临床表现,总结其诊治经验,从而指导临床医师正确认识、合理预防、规范诊治该病。     

单纯鼻腔表面麻醉在电子喉镜检查中的应用效果观察

摘要：目的??探讨盐酸丁卡因行咽腔表面麻醉对电子喉镜检查的影响。方法?用双盲法随机将200例电子喉镜检查患者分成两组,每组各100例,一组患者咽腔用1.0%盐酸丁卡因表面麻醉（对照组）,另一组用0.9%氯化钠喷雾（实验组）,两组患者鼻腔均用呋嘛和1.0%盐酸丁卡因行表面麻醉,检查前均用盐酸达克罗宁胶浆涂抹镜身。根据自设评估标准对患者表面麻醉开始至检查结束期间的反应进行评估。结果?两组患者电子喉镜检查均顺利完成,检查时间差异有统计意义（P <0.05）,对照组咽部不适阳性率较实验组高,程度较实验组重,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论?单纯鼻腔表面麻醉不使用咽腔丁卡因表面麻醉,不会影响电子喉镜检查的顺利完成;不行咽腔表面麻醉的患者,咽部不良反应更少,患者检查后恢复进食快,患者检查全过程的舒适度体验大幅度提高;不使用咽腔麻醉缩短了患者的表面麻醉和等候时间,提高了检查效率,值得推广应用。     

组合式输尿管软镜一期治疗双侧<1.5cm肾结石的安全性及有效性分析

目的评价组合式输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术一期治疗双侧1.5 cm肾结石的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2014年8月-2016年3月采用组合式输尿管软镜一期治疗的双侧1.5 cm肾结石24例患者的临床资料,分析手术时间、结石清除率及并发症发生情况。结果该组24例患者均一期顺利置入双侧输尿管软镜鞘,并顺利进镜碎石,手术时间40~105(71.0±21.5)min,碎石成功率为100.00%,1个月结石清除率为89.58%(43/48),5侧结石残留直径7~10 mm,给予体外冲击波碎石,3个月结石清除率93.75%(45/48),3侧残余结石5~7 mm,且位于下盏,定期复查。术后发热4例,抗炎治疗好转,术中无大出血、输尿管穿孔和撕脱等并发症,术后无肾功能不全、无感染性休克发生。结论组合式输尿管软镜碎石术可一期治疗双侧1.5 cm肾结石,具有安全、有效的优势。     

剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠的治疗方法探讨

目的探讨剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠(CSP)发生的高危因素及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析78例CSP患者的临床资料,分析各种治疗方案。结果甲氨蝶呤治疗11例;米非司酮联合甲氨蝶呤治疗4例;米非司酮治疗4例;子宫动脉栓塞术的综合治疗40例;药物预处理后予以清宫术5例;直接清宫术1例;经腹疤痕处妊娠物祛除术7例;全子宫切除术1例;其他5例。结论 CSP的治疗应根据患者具体情况个体化治疗。介入+清宫术治疗是一种较安全、有效的方法,术中出血少,术后住院时间短,值得临床推广。     

以实践为基础、科研为导向的中医医院护理带教老师培养

目的 探讨以实践为基础、以科研为导向的护理带教老师培养模式.方法 在带教老师培养中注重以实践为基础,以科研为导向,运用科学思维指导临床实践的过程.结果 该模式使带教老师的批判性思维能力、科研能力、带教质量均较前有很大提高(均P<0.05).结论 以实践为基础、以科研为导向的带教老师培养模式可以提高带教老师的临床思维能力、科研能力和带教质量.     

The Effect of Body Weight and Alcohol Consumption on Hyperuricemia and Their Population Attributable Fractions: A National Health Survey in China

IntroductionThe prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) is increasing worldwide; understanding of population attributable fraction of modifiable risk factors (MRFs) is important for disease prevention. Given the sparse evidence on how MRFs influence HUA in mainland China, we aimed to explore the effect of excess body weight and alcohol consumption and their population attributable fractions of HUA based on a national survey in mainland China.MethodsUsing data from the China National Health Survey which included 31,746 Han Chinese of 20–80 years of age from 10 provinces, we estimated the prevalence and MRFs (overweight/obesity and alcohol consumption) of HUA. HUA was defined as serum uric acid >417 μmol/L in men and >340 μmol/L in women. Restricted cubic-spline models were used to demonstrate the linear and nonlinear associations between exposures and HUA. The adjusted population attributable risk (PAR) was calculated to understand the relative importance of each MRF.ResultsThe prevalence of HUA was 25.1% in men and 15.9% in women. The population fraction of HUA cases that could be avoided by weight loss was 20.6% (19.3%–22.0%) in men and 18.1% (17.1%–19.0%) in women. The PAR of alcohol consumption was 12.8% (8.5%–17.1%) in men. Participants from Southwest China (Yunnan) had the highest HUA prevalence (47.9% in men and 29.9% in women) but with lower PAR of MRFs, especially in men (16.7%). Subjects in North China had lower HUA prevalence but higher PAR of MRFs. Around 44.8% male HUA cases in Inner Mongolia (26.9% of HUA prevalence) and 37.7% cases in Heilongjiang (34.4% of HUA prevalence) were attributable to overweight/obesity and alcohol consumption.ConclusionThere are significant sex and geographic difference on PAR of HUA due to MRFs. More tailored prevention strategies are needed to prevent HUA through weight loss and reduction of alcohol consumption.     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者的GCH1基因突变检测

目的分析多巴反应性肌张力障碍(dopa responsive dystonia,DRD)患者的GCH1基因突变。方法我们抽取21例来自医院门诊及住院的散发型多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者的肘静脉血,并提取外周血全基因组DNA。Primer3设计GCH1基因6个外显子的引物,PCR扩增GCH1基因的外显子及周边部分内含子序列,并对PCR产物进行测序。测序结果与正常序列进行比对,发现碱基变异后进行序列分析以确定是否多态。结果成功扩增21位DRD患者GCH1基因的6个外显子。经过分析,GCH1基因外显子序列未发现基因突变。仅在4个患者的1号外显子发现1个单核苷酸多态(SNP)c.68CT,该SNP没有产生氨基酸的改变。结论本地区多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者未发现GCH1基因突变,DRD患者可能存在其他致病基因。GCH1基因突变检测目前仍不能作为早期诊断的依据。     

Role of prophylactic filter placement in the endovascular treatment of symptomatic thrombosis in the central veins

Objectives

To evaluate the role of filter implantation in reducing the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism during the endovascular treatment of thrombosis in the major tributary of the superior vena cava (SVC).

Methods

From October 2004 to October 2008, we conducted a cohort study of 40 patients with thrombosis of the central veins who were preparing for endovascular interventions and received or did not receive filter. The symptom scores were measured, the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) was observed, and patient follow-up studies were conducted for three years.

Results

One week after therapy, the symptom score improved in both groups compared with before therapy (P < 0.001), but no significant difference was found between the scores of the two groups (P > 0.05). Four patients in the control group died from PEs after therapy, but no patients in the filter group presented evidence of PE. The survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years (72.9%, 50%, and 27.1%, respectively) for the filter group were higher than those for the control group (47.6%, 19.0% and 14.3%, respectively; P = 0.015). The survival time of patients in the filter group with bronchogenic carcinoma (18 ± 2 months) was longer than that of the patients in the control group (12 ± 2 months) after the endovascular treatment (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Prophylactic filter placement could be a safe and effective method for preventing PE in pre- or post-endovascular-treated patients with thrombi in their central veins.