Diagnosis of scaphoid fractures:A prospective multicenter study of 1,052 patients with 160 fractures

In a prospective multicenter study of 1,052 patients with clinical signs of a scaphoid fracture, mammo-graphic films and fine intensifying screens were used at the radiographic examination. 5 standardized projections including 3 special projections focused on the scaphoid were taken. 150 fractures were diagnosed at the first examination but in 10 cases the fracture was first diagnosed at a second radiographic examination after 10-14 days.

The second examination still seems mandatory despite the use of high quality radiographs with optimal spatial resolution and contrast, and the value of supplementary special projections.     

Extended apical enlargement with hand files versus rotary NiTi files. Part II.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare 2 preparation techniques performed under simulated clinical conditions with extended apical enlargement following determination of the optimal apical preparation size (APS). STUDY DESIGN: After preflaring 240 root canals, APS was evaluated as outlined in Part I. The apical portion was shaped to APS either with rotary NiTi Lightspeed instruments (LS) or NiTi hand instruments (HA) using the balanced force technique in a phantom head. After sectioning the apical area at 3 levels, every cross section was analyzed microscopically for circumferential removal of canal wall dentine. Loss of working length, instrument separation, and perforation were additionally recorded. RESULTS: In 70% (LS) and 69% (HA) of the root canals, 2 of 3 levels demonstrated that the root canal dentin was cut circumferentially. Neither loss of working length nor perforation occurred in both groups. Four LS instruments separated. CONCLUSIONS: APS frequently results in a nearly complete apical preparation regardless of the preparation techniques. In a few cases apical enlargement to APS does not achieve complete cutting of the canal walls. There was a rather slight risk of serious procedural errors.     

Human Herpesvirus 6 in Bronchalveolar Lavage Fluid after Lung Transplantation: A Risk Factor for Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome?

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the limiting factor to long-term survival after lung transplantation. Previous studies suggested respiratory viral tract infections are associated with the development of BOS. To identify the impact of virus detection in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, we analyzed BAL samples from 87 consecutive lung transplant recipients for human herpesvirus (HHV)-6, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex virus 1/2, Cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytical virus and adenovirus by PCR. Acute rejection, BOS and death were recorded for a mean follow-up time of 3.27 +/- 0.47 years. Results of PCR analysis and other potential risk factors were entered into a Cox regression analysis of BOS predictors and death. Only acute rejection was a distinct risk factor for BOS of all stages, death and death from BOS. HHV-6 was detected in 20 patients. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that HHV-6 was associated with an increased risk to develop BOS > orb = stage 1 and death, separate from the risk attributable to acute rejection. Identification of HHV-6 DNA in BAL fluid is a potential risk factor for BOS. Our results warrant further studies to elucidate a possible causal link between HHV-6 and BOS.     

Ventricular enlargement, clinical correlates and treatment outcome in chronic schizophrenic inpatients.

The ventricle-brain ratio (VBR) of 42 chronic schizophrenic patients was compared with that of 42 age-matched medical controls. For the schizophrenics, the relationship of various clinical parameters to the VBR was assessed, and the outcome of 12 weeks of double-blind treatment with either risperidone or haloperidol. The results confirm that schizophrenic patients have slightly enlarged lateral ventricles compared with medical controls. Only for schizophrenics, an effect of age, but not of duration of illness, was noticed. This study does not support the validity of a clinical subdivision of chronic schizophrenic patients on the basis of the VBR. Neither negative, positive nor general psychopathological symptoms, as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS), were related to the VBR, nor were abnormal involuntary movements or extrapyramidal symptoms. No association between season of birth or a family history of major mental disorder and VBR could be demonstrated. Treatment response was predicted by the total PANSS score and the PANSS general psychopathology subscale score at baseline. There was a trend for patients with higher VBR to have a more or haloperidol). or haloperidol).     

Stereotactic brain biopsy in AIDS

Summary In the hope of finding a treatable condition, the need for rapid diagnosis in HIV-seropositive patients with brain lesions is apparent. In order to evaluate the efficacy of stereotactic brain biopsy in AIDS patients, we retrospectively studied 25 HIV-infected patients undergoing stereotactic biopsy. Brain lesions were identified with gadolinium-enhanced MRI and/or contrastCT. Brain biopsy was performed using the system of Riechert. From 8 up to 15 small tissue samples from one or two targets were obtained in every patient. The biopsy material was examined cytologically, histologically (including electron microscopy), immunohistochemically and, in part, by animal test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A definite diagnosis was achieved in 92%. Diagnosis included primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) (10), toxoplasmosis (10), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (2) and one case of co-existing toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infection. Two biopsies were non-diagnostic. All PCNSLs showed polymorphic B-cell populations of high malignancy; accurate classification according to the Kiel classification was not possible. In 3 lymphomas Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) 2-mRNA could be detected by PCR and confirmed immunohistochemically by EBNA 2 expression. In 6 cases autopsy confirmed the biopsy diagnosis. Conventional histology was not sufficiently decisive for toxoplasmosis and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, so that immunohistochemistry and animal tests became very important for a final diagnosis. With the help of different morphological and molecular biological techniques stereotactic brain biopsy appears to be an effective method in the diagnosis of HIV-associated brain lesions. In view of the marked radio- and chemosensitivity of PCNSLs it is mandatory to establish an early and accurate histological diagnosis for adequate treatment.     

MR Lymphography with a Lymphotropic T1-Type MR Contrast Agent: Gd-DTPA-PGM

A model system of a paramagnetic lymphotropic MR contrast agent (Gd-DTPA labeled polyglucose associated macrocomplex, PGM) for T¹-weighted MR imaging of lymph nodes in rats and rabbits was evaluated. Pharmacokinetic (tissue accumulation) and MR imaging data (optimal dose and timing parameters) were obtained in normal rats (n = 88) after subcutaneous (SC) injection of paramagnetic, radiolabeled [111In]Gd-DTPA-PGM. A rabbit model of lymph node metastases (n = 8) was ultimately used to demonstrate the potential of MR imaging with Gd-DTPA-PGM for nodal tumor detection. Maximum concentrations of Gd-DTPA-PGM were found in popliteal and paraaortic lymph nodes within 24 h after SC administration, and highest lymph node SNR values were obtained by MR imaging at this time point. The optimum imaging dose was 6–12 μmol Gd/kg. Tumor-lymph node contrast increased from 0.0 ± 1.2 precontrast to 19.2 ± 6.5 (spoiled gradient echo sequence, TR 50/TE 7/flip angle 60°) postcontrast and conspicuity of nodal metastases was improved. Gd-DTPA-PGM accumulates in lymph nodes after SC administration and significantly enhances lymph node signal intensity of normal animals but not metastatic lymph nodes.     

Surgical management of parapharyngeal cystic hygroma causing sudden airway obstruction

Parapharyngeal cystic hygroma is a rare tumor of the neck. This report describes two cases in which surgical resection was necessary to overcome sudden airway obstruction and details the surgical technique. These cases were considered "near misses" for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and were revealed by computed tomography (CT) and echography to be parapharyngeal cystic hygroma. The location of this malformation could have produced sudden airway collapse and be erroneously diagnosed as SIDS. The postoperative follow-up was satisfactory and no recurrence was detected. We believe CT and echography should be included in the evaluation of such cases.     

Upregulation of the Golgi protein GP73 by adenovirus infection requires the E1A CtBP interaction domain

GP73 is a novel type II Golgi transmembrane protein that is expressed at high levels in the hepatocytes of patients with viral hepatitis (R. D. Kladney, G. A. Bulla, L. Guo, A. L. Mason, A. E. Tollefson, D. J. Simon, Z. Koutoubi, and C. J. Fimmel, 2000, Gene 249, 53-65) and is induced in cultured cells by infection with viruses including adenoviruses. Its biological function and the mechanisms by which its expression may be regulated by viral infection are unknown. Here we report that GP73 is induced at the RNA and protein level in human Hep3B hepatoma cells infected by human Ad5 and Ad2. Hep3B cells were infected with wild-type or mutant adenoviruses. GP73 expression was measured by RNase protection assay, immunoblotting, or immunofluorescence microscopy. GP73 RNA and protein levels were strikingly induced following infection. The rise in GP73 expression coincided with the appearance of the adenovirus E1A and DBP proteins and preceded the expression of the fiber protein, a marker of the late phase of infection. Infection did not affect the expression of giantin, GPP130, or golgin-84, three integral Golgi membrane proteins with structural similarities to GP73. Mapping studies using a panel of mutant adenoviruses demonstrated that the E1A C-terminus, specifically its CtBP interaction domain (CID), is required for GP73 expression. Subsequently, Hep3B cells were transiently transfected with plasmids expressing wild-type or mutant E1A proteins. These studies confirmed that E1A induced GP73 expression via the CID. Our studies establish GP73 as a novel adenovirus-induced cellular protein whose expression is regulated through the CID of the E1A protein.     

Assay for the specificity of monoclonal antibodies in crossed immunoelectrophoresis

A method is described based on crossed immunoelectrophoresis of a complex antigen mixture in agarose gel followed by incubation of the gel with the monoclonal antibody. The bound monoclonal antibody is detected by the use of a secondary enzyme-labelled antibody.Using this technique we have been able to identify the precipitate arc in crossed immunoelectrophoresis of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in a mixture of all detergent solubilized cell membrane molecules by means of a monoclonal antibody, the specificity of which was known independently to be against MHC class I molecules. In other experiments using the same technique we demonstrated the reaction of a monoclonal antibody specific for chicken Ig light chains.