ACUTE EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON RENAL ELECTROLYTE TRANSPORT IN THE RAT

1. Despite human and animal studies, the direct effect of ethanol on renal water and electrolyte transport is poorly understood. The acute effect of increasing plasma concentrations of ethanol was evaluated in a water diuretic anaesthetized rat model which inhibits endogenous arginine vaso-pressin (AVP) release. 2. Ethanol at a plasma concentration of 1.69 ±0.28 mmol/L produced an immediate increase in urine flow (174 ± 11 μL/min pre-ethanol and 189 ± 13 and then 206 ± 12 μL/min during the ethanol infusion; P<0.001) as well as an increase in fractional sodium excretion (0.17 ± 0.04 to 0.28 ± 0.05 and 0.27 ± 0.05%; P<0.001). There was also a brief phosphaturia. These increases in electrolyte excretion had returned to control values by 20 min despite a further increase in the plasma ethanol concentration. 3. The urinary excretion of potassium, calcium and magnesium was not altered nor was glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow. 4. Ethanol at a mean concentration of 1.60 mmol/L did not alter the action of a maximal concentration of AVP (75 ng/kg) on water or electrolyte transport. However, the antidiuretic effect of a submaximal concentration of AVP (7.5 ng/kg) was augmented by ethanol at concentrations of 1.63 and 0.98 mmol/L. 5. These studies suggest that the ethanol induced diuresis commonly ascribed to inhibition of AVP secretion may also be due to other intrarenal effects of ethanol, possibly acting within the proximal tubule. These results also confirm recent in vitro findings that while ethanol does not inhibit the action of a maximal concentration of AVP, it does modulate the effects of lower AVP concentrations.     

Early Teenage Substance Use as a Predictor of Educational-Vocational Failure

The authors report on the relationship of early adolescent substance use (up to the time of the 16th birthday) to educational-vocational performance in the early adulthood of 612 African-American urban subjects. Voluminous prospective data were available on the behavior, test performance, and families of 612 urban African-American subjects, from birth up to 7 years of age. Scarcer prospective data were available for school performance during later years of school. Control variables were derived from these data to determine the amount of variance in each dependent educational-vocational outcome variable that was accounted for, independently of the amount of variance accounted for by early substance use. (American Journal on Addictions 1994; 3:325–336)     

Effects of the putative dopamine autoreceptor antagonists (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 on the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine

Recent evidence suggests that the putative dopamine (DA) autoreceptor antagonists, (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232, share some neurochemical and behavioral effects with both psychostimulants and neuroleptics. The ability of (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 to mimic or antagonize the stimulus effects of cocaine was investigated in rats trained to discriminate 5 mg/kg (N=8) or 10 mg/kg (N=8) of cocaine from saline in a two-lever, water-reinforced, drug discrimination task. In the cocaine (10 mg/kg) group, administration of (+)-AJ 76 (2.5–20 mg/kg) engendered only a partial substitution for cocaine (maximum 60% cocaine-lever responses). Given in combination with cocaine (10 mg/kg), (+)-AJ 76 (2.5–40 mg/kg) did not significantly attenuate the cocaine cue. A fixed dose of (+)-AJ 76 (2.5 or 10 mg/kg) plus various doses of cocaine (1.25–5 mg/kg) did not alter the cocaine dose-response curve. (+)-UH 232 (2–16 mg/kg) produced primarily saline-appropriate responding in rats trained to discriminate 5 mg/kg of cocaine and was unable to block the interoceptive cocaine state when given in combination with cocaine (5 mg/kg). (+)-UH 232 (2 or 8 mg/kg) also did not alter the cocaine dose-response curve. These results suggest that (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 elicit only weak or no cocaine-like stimulus effects and, unlike neuroleptics, do not attenuate the cocaine cue.     

Construction and validation of a Parkinson's disease mutation genotyping array for the Parkin gene.

Parkin mutations account for the majority of familial and sporadic early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) cases with a known genetic association. More than 100 mutations have been described in the Parkin gene that includes homozygous, compound heterozygous, and single heterozygous mutations. We have designed a Parkin mutation genotyping array (gene chip) that includes published Parkin sequence variants and allows their simultaneous detection. The chip was validated by screening 85 PD cases and 47 controls previously tested for Parkin mutations. Similar genotyping microarrays have been developed for other genetically heterogeneous diseases including age-related macular degeneration. Here, we show the utility of a genotyping array for Parkinson's disease by analysis of 60 subjects from the Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson Disease (GEPD) study that includes 15 early-onset PD case probands and 45 relatives.     

Radiance FN充填面部效果独特

RadianceFN(生物型)是一种优质的可注射充填材料,可用于轻度缺陷的整形充填,尤其是颜面中部。随着经验的不断积累,还可能发现这种较新的充填材料的其他用途。他在一个名为“精通皮肤科门诊程序”的继续教育项目中做了演讲。该项目由斯坦福大学皮肤病学系主办。RadianceFN是含羟基磷灰石钙微粒悬浮体的羟甲基纤维素凝胶,目前销售许可的用途是治疗声带褶皱功能不全引起的功能障碍以及作为医疗放射学标记物。在某些国家,它可用于皮下充填,但此用途在美国尚未得到有关当局认可。该材料优点很多,柔韧而耐久。因为有良好的柔韧性,它很容易塑型…     

面部自体脂肪移植术的进展

在美国美容外科学会的年会上,W. W.Ehrlich博士说:开始从事自体脂肪移植进行面部轮廓重建的美容外科医师应该对曲折的学习过程和一些出乎意料的结果有所准备.