端粒酶活性检测在乳腺癌诊断中的意义

[目的 ]探讨细针穿刺乳腺肿瘤组织的端粒酶活性检测在乳腺癌诊断中的意义 .[方法 ]用聚合酶链反应 酶联免疫吸附测定法检测 79例术前乳腺肿瘤细针穿刺活检标本和大体标本的端粒酶活性 ,并与病理诊断进行比较 .[结果 ]乳腺癌 6 5例中穿刺组织端粒酶呈阳性的为 5 7例 ,阳性率为 88% ;大体组织端粒酶呈阳性的为 5 4例 ,阳性率为 83% .淋巴结转移者端粒酶活性高于无淋巴结转移者 .乳腺良性疾病 14例中端粒酶呈阳性的为 2例 ,阳性率为 14 % .[结论 ]术前乳腺肿瘤穿刺组织的端粒酶活性检测有利于乳腺肿瘤的早期诊断及鉴别诊断 .     

Duchenne型肌营养不良治疗的研究进展

自从法国医学家Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne于1861年首次详细描述Duchenne型肌营养不良（DMD）以来，不少临床医学家和遗传学家对该病进行了系统而深入的研究，虽然已在诊断和遗传咨询方面取得了重大进展，但在治疗上却停滞不前．仍然无法阻止患者进行性加重的肌萎缩和在20岁左右死亡的命运。这是一种既令人感兴趣又使人悲伤的疾病．感兴趣的是其特殊的临床特征和神秘的疾病本质，悲伤的是虽然进行了艰苦的努力但仍无法阻止病情的进展，肌萎缩随着儿童的发育而逐渐进展，随着年龄的增长而加重，在青春期或青年期无一例外地走向生命的终点。[第一段]     

Comparative effects of dietary wheat bran and its morphological components (aleurone and pericarp-seed coat) on volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rat

Adult male rats were fed on diets containing 100 g dietary fibre/kg either as alpha-cellulose or wheat bran or the pericarp-seed coat or aleurone layers prepared from that bran by sequential milling and air elutriation and electrostatic separation. After 10 d, concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in caecal fluid were significantly different between groups and fell in the order: aleurone greater than wheat bran greater than pericarp-seed coat greater than cellulose. This ranking probably reflected the ease of fermentation of fibre polysaccharides by colonic bacteria which also resulted in a considerably higher faecal bacterial mass in the aleurone group. Because of the differences in the volume of caecal digesta, the mass of caecal VFA was considerably the highest in the aleurone group, intermediate with wheat bran and equally low in the pericarp-seed coat and cellulose groups. The diet based on aleurone gave a relatively higher proportion of propionate but with both pericarp-seed coat and wheat bran the contribution of butyrate was raised. VFA concentrations in hepatic portal venous plasma were proportional to caecal concentrations with very high (greater than 3 mM) values being recorded in the aleurone group. The findings are discussed in relation to the apparent susceptibility of the morphological components of wheat bran to fermentation by large bowel bacteria.     

4-Aminopyridine induces the release of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to produce an atropine- and tetrodotoxin-resistant contraction in rabbit isolated jejunum

4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) induced an atropine- and tetrodotoxin (TTX)-insensitive contraction (resistant contraction), in a concentration-dependent manner, in the isolated jejunum of rabbits. The failure of specific antagonists of histamine, serotonin and substance P to affect this resistant contraction ruled out the participation of histamine, serotonin and/or substance P. Antiserum against neuropeptide Y (NPY) reduced this resistant contraction in a concentration-dependent manner and inhibited the action of 4-AP totally at a high concentration (1.25% dilution) whereas normal serum lacked this ability. This suggested that the release of NPY was involved in this 4-AP-induced resistant contraction. Radioimmunoassay of NPY-like immunoreactivity in isolated synaptosomal preparations indicated that 4-AP possessed the ability to induce the release of NPY. However, guanethidine did not affect the actions of 4-AP, indicating that NPY is released mainly from non-adrenergic nerves. Our results indicate that 4-AP induces the release of NPY from non-adrenergic nerves to produce an atropine- and TTX-resistant contraction in the isolated jejunum of rabbits.     

Monokines produced by macrophages stimulate the growth of osteoblasts

We have previously reported that the J774A.1 macrophage-like tumor cell line produces two potent monokines which stimulate the growth of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. These growth factors, which have an affinity for heparin-agarose, have been termed HEP I (a 30 Kd PDGF-like molecule) and HEP II (an approximately 20 Kd molecule), respectively, based on their elution profile. Unlike HEP I, HEP II does not stimulate the growth of fibroblasts. Extensive biological and chromatographic studies disclosed that HEP II appears to be a unique bone cell mitogen unlike any known growth factor, including the FGFs, IL-1s, and TNFs, EGF, IGF-I and -II, TGF-beta, beta 2 microglobulin, G-CSF, CSF-1 and GM-CSF. To characterize more fully the effects of the macrophage-derived monokines on osteoblast growth and function, clones were derived from calvaria explant cultures. Two clones, SDFRC-2.05 and SDFRC-3, were developed and found to exhibit osteoblastic characteristics, including high levels of alkaline phosphatase, synthesis of type I but not type III collagen, and an increased intracellular cAMP production in response to PTH. The SDFRC-3 cells exhibited a polygonal morphology like that of the explant-derived cells while SDFRC-2.05 cells exhibited a more fibroblastic morphology. When tested on the explant cultures and clones, HEP I and HEP II were found to stimulate DNA synthesis and increase protein per culture, but decreased alkaline phosphatase activity. Clone SDFRC-3 was found to be more responsive to HEP II than clone SDFRC-2.05. Both monokines were found to be more potent mitogens for bone cells than TGF-beta. HEP II, but not HEP I or TGF-beta, induced a transformation of bone cells from a polygonal to a fibroblastic morphology, suggesting the induction of migration prior to proliferation. Thus, macrophages may be responsible not only for bone repair but also for ensuring the linkage of bone formation to resorption during physiological remodeling.     

深圳市福田区暗娼艾滋病KAP调查分析

目的：探讨暗娼艾滋病KAP的现状，为艾滋病预防控制中的咨询、外展及其它健康教育活动提供依据。方法：在“城中村”中随机抽取55位暗娼，由经过专门培训的调查员调查并采血检验。结果：暗娼艾滋病平均知晓率为73．88％；与艾滋病相关的高危行为，呈现低龄化、职业化的倾向；为了预防艾滋病，绝大部分暗娼愿意坚持使用安全套，但实际情况并不如人意；暗娼获得艾滋病知识及相关服务并不方便；梅毒检出率为9．09％。结论：打工者的性权利长期被忽视，使卖淫拥有很大的市场，这是暗娼们乃以存在并长久不衰的重要原因之一；暗娼艾滋病知晓率有了较大提高，可能与深圳市开展艾滋病防制工作较早、力度较大有关；安全套使用率还有待提高：艾滋病外展服务亟待开展与加强。     

Image features of two rare mediastinal tumors: schwannoma of intrathoracic phrenic nerve and clear cell chondrosarcoma of the rib

The current report focuses on two patients of the same age who presented similar appearances on initial anteroposterior chest images. Follow-up images showed superoanterior and superoposterior mediastinal lesions. The first patient with noninvasive cystic thymoma was suspected before surgery, while the pathologic diagnosis was intrathoracic phrenic nerve schwannoma. The second patient was with an asymmetric, dumbbell-shaped paravertebral tumor over T3 and T4 on the left side. The preoperative…     

Microsurgical resection of ventral foramen magnum meningiomas via a far-lateral suboccipital approach

BACKGROUND: In recent years some reports have been published propagating microsurgical resection of ventral foramen magnum meningiomas (VFMMs). Operative approaches to these lesions have been studied by various authors, but remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the operative technique and outcome in patients with VFMMs who had been treated via a far lateral suboccipital approach. DESIGN: Retrospectively clinic case investigation. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, the Ninth People's Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. PARTICIPANTS: Between January 1997 and June 2003, 10 patients were treated surgically with VFMMs in Department of Neurosurgery, the Ninth People's Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. In the series of 10 patients, ages ranged from 37 to 72 years, mean (53±10) years, were consisted of 6 males and 4 females. All the subjects were informed of the treatment plan and agreed to join the experiment. Early symptoms included headache and upper cervical pain. The time between the first occurrence of symptoms and the diagnosis ranged from 6 months to 17 months, mean (10.3±3.4) months. Main presenting symptoms were unilateral upper extremity sensory and motor deficits in 6 cases, swallowing difficulties in 2 and spastic quadriparesis in 2. VFMMs were demonstrated as round by the computed tomographic (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in all patients. The maximum diameter of tumors ranged from 2 to 4 cm, mean (2.55±0.57) cm, including 2 cm in one case, 2.0-3.0 cm in six and 3.0-4.0 cm in three. METHODS: ①All tumors were removed via the far lateral suboccipital approach. Resection of the posterior 5 mm of the condyle was necessary in one patient whose tumors' diameter were 2 cm. The patient was situated in the lateral decubitus position. The head was fixed in a Mayfield headrest. A C-shaped incision made behind the ear 2 cm medial to the mastoid process, turning vertically down to the level C4, to expose the extradural segment of the vertebral artery (VA). After the dura was opened longitudinally behind VA entry point, the tumor was revealed to identify the complete cranial nerves and the intracranial VA under magnification of the surgical microscope. Every attempt should be made to keep the arachnoid and the dentate ligament was sectioned. Then the tumor was debulked significantly, and dissected away from the cranial nerves and the blood vessels with microsurgical techniques. If it was risk to dissect tumor from the vertebral artery, its branches, or any cranial nerve, the progression was discontinued and portion of the tumor was left behind. After resection of the tumor, the site of its attachment was coagulated and the involved layer of dura was resected. ②The degree of tumor resection was classified based on Al-Mefty's grade into three categories: gross-total resection: excision of the dural attachment and drilling of adjacent bone; near-total resection: a few millimeters of insulated and cauterized tumor were left on the vertebral artery or other vital; subtotal resection: more than 50% of the tumor mass were removed. ③All patients underwent clinical examination for lower cranial nerves or long tract deficits on the first day postoperatively. CT or MRI and neurological examinations were performed at 3 months of follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Operative effect. RESULTS: All ten patients with VFMMs were treated via a far lateral suboccipital approach. Gross total resection was achieved in 6 patients, near-total resection was carried out in 2 and subtotal resection in 2 patients. One patients died in the postoperative period due to acute respiratory distress syndrome, five patients kept normal neurological status, whereas other four patients suffered from lower cranial nerve deficits and aspiration pneumonia was observed in two of them. The data of following up for 3 months showed that 2 patients still had lower cranial nerve deficit and others recovered from their illness. No tumor relapse or increment was found in CT or MRI scans. CONCLUSION: Most of VFMMs could be totally removed via a far lateral suboccipital approach with or without resection of the occipital condyle according to the tumor size, allowing most of these patients to achieve a good outcome in a 3 months follow-up.