肺泡膜弥散和肺毛细血管血量特征在不同级别慢性阻塞性肺病患者的表现

目的:了解不同级别慢性阻塞性肺病患者肺泡毛细血管膜弥散量和肺泡毛细血管血量的特点。方法:收集2006-07/2007-03就诊于四川大学华西医院呼吸科的慢性阻塞性肺病患者154例,依据慢性阻塞性肺病方案分级,0级64例,Ⅰ级38例,Ⅱ级26例,Ⅲ和Ⅳ级共26例。行肺通气功能、肺容量、一氧化碳弥散量、肺泡毛细血管膜弥散量和肺泡毛细血管血量测定。结果:154例患者均进入结果分析。①0级与I级慢性阻塞性肺病患者,无论一氧化碳弥散量、肺泡毛细血管膜弥散量和肺泡毛细血管血量都正常。随着慢性阻塞性肺病程度加重,一氧化碳弥散量、肺泡毛细血管膜弥散量和肺泡毛细血管血量均有不同程度降低。Ⅱ级慢性阻塞性肺病时一氧化碳弥散量和肺泡毛细血管膜弥散量下降明显,肺泡毛细血管血量改变不明显。其中肺泡毛细血管膜弥散量出现异常明显早于一氧化碳弥散量和肺泡毛细血管血量,而且较严重。Ⅲ和Ⅳ级慢性阻塞性肺病的肺泡毛细血管血量下降明显。②一氧化碳弥散量、肺泡毛细血管膜弥散量和肺泡毛细血管血量与慢性阻塞性肺病级别、残气量/肺总量成负相关,与第1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量和第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比成正相关,而且,肺泡毛细血管膜弥散量与各指标的相关性最好。结论:随着慢性阻塞性肺病程度的加重,一氧化碳弥散量、肺泡毛细血管膜弥散量和肺泡毛细血管血量均有下降。肺泡毛细血管膜弥散量的异常比一氧化碳弥散量和肺泡毛细血管血量较早出现而且较严重。肺泡毛细血管膜弥散量的测定可以监测疾病发展并早期发现慢性阻塞性肺病气体交换的异常。     

Human immunodeficiency virus test-seeking motivation in blood donors, São Paulo, Brazil

Background and Objective Previous studies have shown that volunteer, community‐recruited donors have a higher prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in São Paulo, Brazil, than replacement donors. One hypothesis which may explain this unexpected finding is that some individuals donate blood because they are seeking HIV testing. The objective of this study was to characterize test‐seeking blood donors and to determine whether they are at higher risk for HIV infection compared with other donors. Materials and Methods Subjects presenting for blood donation were asked to participate in a study assessing their motivations (including test seeking) to donate, as measured by perceiving donation as a means to obtain infectious disease test results. Participants completed the standard blood bank predonation screening questions plus our additional survey, and were tested for HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T‐cell lymphocytotrophic virus (HTLV) I/II, syphilis and Chagas’ disease. As a result of anticipated low statistical power to directly measure the association between test‐seeking motivation and HIV infection, we tested for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) as a marker of sexual risk for HIV. Our survey includes accepted donors as well as persons whose risk‐behaviour histories would result in their exclusion from donation according to routine screening procedures. Results Of 1720 potential blood donors randomly selected and approached, 1600 (93·0%) participated. Overall, 141 (8·8%) were classified as test seekers; 15·6% of these were HSV‐2 positive. The proportion of test seekers was the same among community‐recruited and replacement donors. Test seekers had a higher prevalence of HSV‐2 [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1·66; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1·06–2·59] adjusting for age, gender and prior donation. The association was significant among community‐recruited blood donors whose previous donation was more than 1 year ago (i.e. ‘lapsed donors’) (AOR 2·55; 95% CI: 1·20–5·44). Test seekers were not more likely to be rejected from blood donation as a result of health reasons, self‐reported HIV risk‐related behaviour, or by their own confidential unit exclusion. We found no difference in HSV‐2 prevalence between persons accepted for donation (15·7%) and those rejected because of self‐reported sexual risk (16·7%). Conclusions We did not detect a difference in the proportion of test seekers across different types of blood donors; however, we did detect an association between HSV‐2 infection and test seeking, especially among community‐recruited lapsed blood donors. Of note, questions on test‐seeking behaviour detected donors with increased prevalence of HSV‐2, but the self‐reported sexual risk behaviours currently used for deferral criteria did not. Incentives to get tested at sites other than blood banks may decrease the residual risk of HIV in the blood supply.     

Detection of HIV-1 infection in blood donors during the immunological window period using the nucleic acid-amplification technology

summary .  Individual nucleic acid-amplification testing (NAT) was recently recommended by Brazilian legislation and has been implemented at some blood banks in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in an attempt to reduce the transfusion transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C viruses. This screening test can identify donations made during the immunological window period before seroconversion. The impact of this technology in our blood donors and transfusion routine was studied. In all, 47 866 donations were tested from March 2004 until November 2005, according to Brazilian legislation, using two approved enzyme immunoassays for HIV antibodies and individual NAT. Supplemental tests included Western blot, p24 antigen detection and quantitative PCR-HIV-1. Among the donors screened, two (one first-time and one repeat donor) were non-reactive in enzyme immunoassays, with negative confirmatory p24 antigen and Western blot, but positive for HIV-1 NAT. Although serological analysis for HIV is a primary tool for diagnostic testing, the addition of NAT allowed for identification and prevention of component transfusion from two HIV-positive blood donations during an 18-month period. The screening of donors reduced the immunological window period, permitting the identification of very early stage HIV infections. In addition, this report also emphasized the fact that the risk of HIV transmission is not limited to the first-time donors.     

α-促黑素细胞激素和白细胞介素8在病理性瘢痕组织中的表达及意义

目的:检测α-促黑素细胞激素、白细胞介素8在增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩、正常瘢痕和正常皮肤组织中的表达,探讨其在病理性瘢痕中的作用及意义。方法:①对象:收集2005-08/10中南大学湘雅医院烧伤整形科手术切下的瘢痕标本46例(其中增生性瘢痕18例、瘢痕疙瘩12例、正常瘢痕16例)和正常皮肤标本12例(患者和供皮者均知情同意)。②实验过程:标本用40g/L甲醛固定,行连续切片,厚4μm,应用链菌素生物素-过氧化物酶标记物免疫组织染色法染色。③实验评估:观察α-促黑素细胞激素和白细胞介素8在上述标本组织中的表达及相关性,采用着色强度和阳性细胞率二者评分相结合的方法判断结果。结果:①增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩中α-促黑素细胞激素的表达评分值和强阳性率高于正常瘢痕、正常皮肤(P<0.05);增生性瘢痕与瘢痕疙瘩比较、正常瘢痕与正常皮肤比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。②增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩中白细胞介素8的表达评分值和强阳性率高于正常瘢痕、正常皮肤(P<0.05);增生性瘢痕与瘢痕疙瘩比较、正常瘢痕与正常皮肤比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。③α-促黑素细胞激素、白细胞介素8在增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩和正常瘢痕中表达呈正相关(P<0.05),在正常皮肤中无相关性。结论:α-促黑素细胞激素、白细胞介素8在增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩中的表达显著高于正常瘢痕和正常皮肤,且二者在病理性瘢痕和正常瘢痕组织中表达呈正相关,提示α-促黑素细胞激素、白细胞介素8对促进病理性瘢痕的发生、发展可能起一定作用。     

Schistosoma mansoni: inflammatory foci around larvae in the peritoneal cavity of naive mice is radiosensitive

Innate attack to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae was evaluated in irradiated mice. It was observed that 70% of the larvae from mice sacrificed one day after whole body irradiation with 400 or 800 rads were surrounded by cluster reactivities, without difference from controls. Differences were apparent on day 5 after irradiation with sub lethal (400 rads) or lethal doses (800 rads) suggesting that innate defence to infection take at least 5 days to be affected by low dose whole-body radiation.     

Generation and characterization of ex vivo propagated autologous CD8+ cells used for adoptive immunotherapy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Cytolytic T lymphocytes play an important role in host defense against viral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In a phase I clinical trial (protocol 080 of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group), generation of CD8+ effector cells from peripheral blood of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex (ARC) or AIDS and safety of autologous adoptive transfer of these cells were evaluated. For therapeutic infusions, CD8+ T cells were purified by positive selection on anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody-coated flasks from leukapheresed peripheral blood of seven patients. These CD8+ T cells were cultured in the presence of interleukin-2 and phytohemagglutinin for up to 3 weeks to obtain cells sufficient for therapeutic infusions (10(8) to 10(10)). All 31 cell cultures established from the seven patients and used for therapy were highly enriched in CD8+ (mean, 97%), CD8+HLA-DR+ (50%), cytotoxic CD8+CD11b- (82%), and memory CD29+ (78%) T lymphocytes. In vitro expanded CD8+ cells had excellent cytotoxic function at the time they were used for therapy, including HIV-specific activity against autologous targets infected with vaccinia vectors expressing HIV-IIIb antigens, gag, pol, and env. Anti-HIV activity of cultured CD8+ cells was significantly higher than that of autologous fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes. Our results show that CD8+ T lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood of symptomatic HIV-infected patients can be purified, cultured to obtain large numbers of cells with enhanced anti-HIV activity, and safely infused into patients with AIDS as a form of immunotherapy.     

Treatment of blunt hepatic injuries: role of CT

Serial dynamic upper abdominal computed tomography (CT) studies were performed on 20 patients as part of the conservative treatment of blunt hepatic injuries (hematoma, laceration, or fracture). Fourteen of these patients had either major or minor associated hemoperitoneum. In 13 patients, hemoperitoneum was either significantly reduced or absent by 1 week. A severe delayed hemorrhage occurred in one patient 7 1/2 days after admission; a large and unchanged volume of intraperitoneal fluid had been seen on a preceding abdominal CT scan. One other patient who had a satisfactory response underwent surgery for a pancreatic laceration. Serial abdominal CT studies are an integral part of the conservative treatment of blunt hepatic injuries and seem to be useful in monitoring resorption of hemoperitoneum and the pattern of healing of intrahepatic hematomas, lacerations, and fractures.