HCG--A new kid on the block in prematurity prevention.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a molecule with multiple endocrine, paracrine, and immunoregulatory actions. Its importance for the enhancement of fertility, successful implantation, and survival of the conceptus in early gestation is recognized. However, studies conducted worldwide in recent years indicate that HCG may also play a significant role in maintaining pregnancy well after the first trimester. Emerging evidence suggests that different biomolecular and physiologic effects of HCG are concordantly directed toward inhibition of myometrial contractility to maintain pregnancy. These studies have prompted preliminary animal and human testing of HCG for the prevention of preterm birth. This article reviews the current knowledge as well as the future perspectives on HCG as a useful new tool in prematurity prevention.     

Circular dichroism detection in high-performance liquid chromatography: Evaluation of the anisotropy factor

The application of a circular dichroism (c.d.) detection system in HPLC using a chiral stationary phase is presented. The simultaneous measurement of the absorbance and c.d. signal allows the evaluation of the anisotropy factor (g = Δ/) and thus the determination of the enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of the eluates. When this detection system is used in preparative chiral chromatography the collection of the enantiomeric fractions can be readily optimized.     

Refined-sugar intake and the risk of colorectal cancer in humans

The relationship between sugar added to coffee and other hot beverages--as an indicator of taste for sugar and sugar intake outside main meals--and the risk of colorectal cancer was investigated using data from a case-control study conducted in Northern Italy on 953 cases of histologically confirmed colon cancer, 633 of rectal cancer and 2845 controls admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-digestive tract disorders. Compared with subjects who reported adding no sugar to their beverages, the multivariate relative risks (RR) of colon cancer were 1.4 for those adding one spoonful of sugar, 1.6 for those adding 2 spoonsful, and 2.0 for those adding 3 or more. The corresponding RRs for rectal cancer were 1.3, 1.5 and 1.4. For combination of colorectal cancer the RRs were 1.4, 1.5 and 1.8. All the trends in risk were significant, and the results were consistent across strata of study centre, sex and age, and were not appreciably modified by allowance for a number of major identified potential distorting factors, including an estimate of total calorie intake. These findings, if confirmed, would suggest that taste for sugar is a relevant indicator of colorectal cancer risk, and could be interpreted either in terms of a role of sugar in colorectal carcinogens, or of a specific influence of even limited amounts of sugar taken outside meals, which may stimulate the proliferation of the bowel epithelium, and hence enhance colorectal carcinogenesis.     

A nationally representative survey of hospital malnutrition: the Italian PIMAI (Project: Iatrogenic MAlnutrition in Italy) study

Aim and methods  Nutrition, unhealthy lifestyles and cancer appear to be strictly related, but few authors have analysed the interest in dietary information of cancer patients and their families. This survey was conducted in the Veneto area (Italy) to investigate the concern of cancer patients and their family members about diet as a health tool before and after diagnosis of cancer. Results  Seven hundred and four questionnaires were collected: 380 from cancer patients and 324 from family members of cancer subjects. Breast cancer (BC) was the most frequent disease for patients (61.8%) as well as families (26.5%). Generally, the importance of having precise diet information after diagnosis is recognised by 40.3% of patients, with significant differences between the various types of cancer: gastric and colon/rectum cancer (GCC) patients were more concerned than BC women about precise information concerning a diet to follow immediately after diagnosis (p = 0.000, ODs = 3.10, CI 1.68–5.71) or during treatments (p = 0.001, ODs = 2.67, CI 1.46–4.89). The nutritional information is supplied to patients in 34% of cases and to relatives in 30.3%, often from non-medical sources. In total healthcare workers (family doctor, oncologist, surgeon, dietician) represented the exclusive source of dietary information for 24.9% of patients and 22.9% of family members. Diet after diagnosis changes in 69.1% of GCC patients and in 39.2% of BC women. Relatives, particularly women, report difficulties preparing patients’ meals in 30.7% of cases, changes in the eating habits of the entire family in 29.9% and discontent connected with patients diet in 13.9%. The concern about proper nutrition after diagnosis increases more in GCC subjects (p < 0.025) when compared to BC subjects and in patients with more recent diagnosis (p < 0.041) when compared with patients with diagnosis >5 years ago, while in family members the interest in diet after diagnosis increases more in women than in men (p < 0.030) without other differences regarding the degree of relationship, type of cancer or diagnosis time. Relatives (92.7%) have more interest in nutritional education than patients (74.9%). Cancer patients <65 years were more interested in educational initiatives concerning nutrition (p = 0.000, ODs = 4.46, CI 2.6–7.4) than older patients (>65 years) and female subjects were more concerned than male patients (p = 0.008, ODs = 2.11, CI 1.2–3.6). Conclusions  The interest in the dietary knowledge and in educational initiatives concerning nutrition is high in cancer patients and their relatives, although it decreases with the age. The poor attention paid to nutrition of cancer patients by various healthcare workers deserves consideration, since the psychophysical wellbeing and perhaps also survival of cancer patients can be improved by correct dietary management, as well as, naturally, by the principal treatments themselves.     

Beneficial effects of C1 esterase inhibitor in ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients who underwent surgical reperfusion: a randomised double-blind study.

BACKGROUND: The inflammatory cascade has been hypothesized to be an important mechanism of post-ischaemic myocardial reperfusion injury and several studies demonstrated that C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) is effective in post-ischaemia myocardial protection. Therefore, we aimed to investigate prospectively in a randomised double-blind study the cardioprotective effects of C1-INH in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in patients who underwent emergent reperfusion with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: In this study, we enrolled 80 patients affected with STEMI who underwent emergent CABG. Patients were assigned in two groups (C1-INH group: receive 1000 UI of C1-INH; and placebo group: receive a saline solution). The effects of C1-INH on complement inhibition, myocardial cell injury extension and clinical outcome were studied. Haemodynamic data and myocardial function were monitored. C1-INH, C3a, C4a complement activation fragments and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) serum levels were measured before, during and after surgery. RESULTS: Patient characteristics were not different between the two groups. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 6.2%. No statistical significant difference was observed between the two groups with regard to early mortality (p=0.36). Statistical significant difference between the two groups was showed for cardiopulmonary bypass support (p=0.04), administration of high dose of inotropes drugs (p=0.001), time of intubation (p=0.03), intensive care unit (ICU) stay (p=0.04) and in-hospital stay (p=0.03). A significant improvement in mean arterial pressure (p=0.03), cardiac index (p=0.02) and stroke volume (p=0.03) was showed in C1-INH group versus placebo group. The serum cTnI levels were significantly low in the C1-INH group versus placebo group after reperfusion, during the observation period. Plasma levels of C3a and C4a complement fragments were reduced significantly in C1-INH group. No drugs-related adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The inhibition of the classic complement pathway by C1-INH appears to be an effective mean of preserving ischaemic myocardium from reperfusion injury as demonstrated by low serum cTnI levels in C1-INH group. Therefore, the use of C1-INH during CABG as a rescue therapy in STEMI patients is probably an effective treatment to inhibit complement activity and to improve cardiac function and haemodynamic performance without impacting early mortality. Large randomised study should be performed to support our results.     

An overview of erdosteine antioxidant activity in experimental research.

Erdosteine was introduced in the market as a mucolytic agent for chronic pulmonary diseases more than 10 years ago. The drug contains two blocked sulphydryl groups one of which, after hepatic metabolization and opening of the thiolactone ring, becomes available both for the mucolytic and free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity too. There are several experimental evidences which support the protective effect of erdosteine in acute injury induced by a variety of pharmacological or noxious agents, mediated by products of oxidative stress. Experimental data in animal assigned to receive the noxious agent evidence that co-treatment with erdosteine increases the tissue antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, compared with the toxic agent alone; meanwhile erdosteine decreases the tissue level of nitric oxide, xanthine oxidase, which catalyze oxygen-free radical production. In summary, erdosteine prevents the accumulation of free oxygen radicals when their production is accelerated and increases antioxidant cellular protective mechanisms. The final result is a protective effect on tissues which reduces lipid peroxidation, neutrophil infiltration or cell apoptosis mediated by noxious agents. Recent positive clinical trials in humans seem to fulfill the impressive promises that theory and experimental research have put forward.     

Frequency of and risk factors for allergy in primary school children: results of a population survey

During May 1986, a survey to assess the frequency of allergic disorders was conducted among primary school children of Alghero, Sardinia, using a structured self-administered questionnaire. The following problems were investigated: allergic conjunctivitis, asthma, wheezing, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and eczema. Of the original 1823 questionnaires distributed, 1961 (92.8%) were completed by parents and returned. Overall, 238 children (14.1%) were reported to have shown at least one episode of one or more of the above and were regarded as 'allergic'. Among the potential risk factors investigated, statistically significant differences (P less than 0.05) between allergic and non-allergic children were only found for history of allergy in at least one parent (odds ratio, OR = 2.2) and exposure to passive smoking (OR = 1.4).     

Midterm results of mobile-bearing knee replacements

We examined the clinical and radiographic results of 93 patients affected by knee arthritis or osteonecrosis subjected to unilateral cementless mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty with the LCS prothesis (Depuy/Johnson & Johnson). The mean follow-up was 9.5 years (range, 7–12 years). Clinical evaluation was performed using the Knee Society rating system, while radiographic evaluation was done according to the Knee Society roentgenographic system. At the latest follow-up, the mean knee score was 87 points: the functional score improved from 40 to 90. Radiolucent lines were small and not progressive. The implant survival at 12 years was 88%. Six knees (7%) required revision for implant-related problems. We conclude that the mobile-bearing prosthesis is a successful device even at long-term follow-up.