Active maintenance of sentence meaning in working memory: evidence from EEG coherences.

The active maintenance of sentence meaning in working memory was investigated using event-related electroencephalogram (EEG) coherences. Participants read a sentence, retained it for 2.5 s, and then verified a statement about its meaning. The sentences contained either three semantically related nouns or unrelated nouns and started either with a what phrase (WH sentences) or not (non-WH sentences), imposing either a high or low demand on verbal working memory. Comprehension accuracy showed an interaction of semantic relatedness and sentence type due to the presence of a relatedness effect (lower accuracy in the unrelated condition) in WH sentences but not in non-WH sentences. During the post-sentence retention interval, EEG coherences also displayed this interaction of relatedness and sentence type. A semantic relatedness effect was obtained in the WH sentences (high demand) but not in the non-WH sentences (low demand). In addition, compared to a pre-sentence baseline and sentence presentation, coherences increased in the 10-14 Hz band during retention and decreased in the 4-6 Hz band. These coherence changes spanned prefrontal and posterior brain regions, possibly reflecting increased synchronization in projection loops between attention control systems in prefrontal cortex and activated meaning representations in semantic memory in posterior cortex. These findings suggest that short-term retention of the meaning of a sentence involves active maintenance in a capacity-limited working memory, accompanied by a heightened inner direction of attention after sentence presentation.     

Complement studies in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Detailed studies of the complement system were carried out in fifteen patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. The findings of reduced levels of C3 and C7 and of circulating breakdown products of C3 in fresh plasma suggested in vivo complement activation. Low C3 levels were associated with the presence of a serum factor (the C3 nephritic factor C3NeF) which was capable of breaking down C3 in normal serum in vitro. Metabolic studies using radioactive iodine labelled C3 showed no evidence of accelerated in vivo breakdown of parenterally administered C3 suggesting that hypocomplementaemia is either maintained by diminished C3 synthesis or that accelerated catabolism is occurring in a pool that does not freely exchange with parenterally given C3. The C3 nephritic factor has so far only been identified in patients with membranoproliferative nephritis and is therefore of major diagnostic significance in patients with glomerular disease.     

Role of synaptic inputs in determining input resistance of developing brain stem motoneurons

The contribution of synaptic input to input resistance was examined in 208 developing genioglossal motoneurons in 3 postnatal age groups (5-7 day, 13-16 day, and 18-24 day) using sharp electrode recording in a slice preparation of the rat brain stem. High magnesium (Mg(2+); 6 mM) media generated significant increases (21-38%) in both the input resistance (R(n)) and the first time constant (tau(0)) that were reversible. A large percent of the conductance blocked by high Mg(2+) was also sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX). Little increase in resistance was attained by adding blockers of specific amino acid (glutamate, glycine, and GABA) transmission over that obtained with the high Mg(2+). Comparing across age groups, there was a significantly larger percent change in R(n) with the addition of high Mg(2+) at postnatal days 13 to 15 (P13-15; 36%) than that found at P5-6 (21%). Spontaneous postsynaptic potentials were sensitive to the combined application of glycine receptor antagonist, strychnine, and the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline. Application of either 10 microM strychnine or bicuculline separately produced a reversible increase in both R(n) and tau(0). Addition of 10 microM bicuculline to a strychnine perfusate failed to further increase either R(n) or tau(0). The strychnine/bicuculline-sensitive component of the total synaptic conductance increased with age so that this form of neurotransmission constituted the majority (>60%) of the observed percent decrease in R(n) and tau(0) in the oldest age group. The proportion of change in tau(0) relative to R(n) following strychnine or high magnesium perfusate varied widely from cell to cell and from age to age without pattern. Based on a model from the literature, this pattern indicates a nonselective distribution of the blocked synaptic conductances over the cell body and dendrites. Taken together, the fast inhibitory synapses (glycine, GABA(A)) play a greater role in determining cell excitability in developing brain stem motoneurons as postnatal development progresses. These findings suggest that synaptically mediated conductances effect the membrane behavior of developing motoneurons.     

Endothelin receptor expression in human decidua

The endothelins are signalling peptides that act via two receptors, ET(A) and ET(B). In the human endometrium, endothelin receptors have been demonstrated in glands and stroma and have been shown to vary during the course of the menstrual cycle. The present study was undertaken to determine whether or not expression of endothelin receptors changes during pregnancy or after administration of exogenous progestagens. The expression of the receptors was correlated with the appearance of basement membrane components during decidualization of the endometrial stroma. Decidual specimens (n = 15) were obtained during the first trimester of pregnancy and 10 at term. Sixteen pairs of endometrial biopsies were obtained from women with menorrhagia before and after exposure to exogenous progestagens. A total of 15 hysterectomy specimens were used as controls for the expression of stromal basement membrane proteins in the absence of decidualization. Autoradiography was carried out with selective ligands for ET(A) ([125I]-PD 151242) and ET(B) ([125I]-BQ3020). The distribution of ligand binding was then compared with the distribution of laminin alpha2 light chain and collagen IV. ET(A), ET(B), laminin alpha2 light chain, and collagen IV were expressed in stromal decidual cells in the first trimester of pregnancy. ET(B) was also found on endometrial glandular epithelium. Quantitative macro-autoradiography and multiple regression analysis demonstrated a highly significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) between expression of ET(B) and laminin alpha2 light chain. In the third trimester qualitative examination suggested a reduction of ET(A) in the stroma. Progestagen-induced decidua exhibited a similar pattern to that found in first trimester decidua. This study has demonstrated up-regulation of ET(B) during the progesterone- dependent process of decidualization and suggests a paracrine or autocrine role for endothelins in the decidua.      

Dominantly inherited tubular aggregate myopathy.

We report an unusual familial myopathy characterized morphologically by the presence of large tubular aggregates in all fibre types. Two patients, a father and daughter, presented with slowly progressive proximal weakness, limitation of eye movement, and Achilles tendon contractures. Serum creatine kinase was 5-10 times normal. Light microscopy revealed type I fibre predominance. Basophilic accumulations, which stained intensely with the NADH-TR reaction, were present in both fibre types. Electron microscopy revealed that these consisted of tightly packed parallel tubular arrays. These varied somewhat in their ultrastructural appearance and were classified accordingly as type I, II, and III tubular structures. The tubular aggregates appear to be derived from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This report further supports the evidence of a distinct clinico-pathological entity of genetic origin.     

Podocytic cytoskeletal disaggregation and basement-membrane detachment in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis.

Puromycin aminonucleoside--(PAN) treated rats develop acute nephrotic syndrome, mimicking human minimal lesion disease. In PAN nephrosis, podocyte detachment from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is the most likely cause of massive proteinuria in this model. To elucidate further the mechanisms of PAN-induced cellular dysfunction, new methods were employed to visualize podocyte cytoskeletal aggregation and to measure fibrillar attachment to the GBM. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 4/group) received a single tail-vein injection of PAN (75 mg/kg). On days 1, 2, 3, and 5 following injection, 24-hour urine collections were obtained for creatinine clearance, albuminuria, and total proteinuria. Then kidneys from each group were fixed by perfusion. Podocytic cytoskeleton was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Subepithelial GBM staining and attachment fiber number, observed on digitized images of transmission electron micrographs, were quantitated with computer-based density analysis. A significant reduction in attachment fiber number in the GBM lamina rara externa occurred by day 5. On scanning electron micrographs, the secondary and tertiary podocytic processes were observed to be formed by highly aggregated cytoskeleton, which became partially disaggregated by day 3, was totally absent by day 5, and normalized by day 20. Immunogold staining revealed that actin and vinculin localized to the tertiary podocytic processes in the normal state were dispersed into the cell body following PAN. Podocyte cytoskeletal disaggregation precedes, and detachment from the GBM occurs simultaneously with, the onset of massive proteinuria in the PAN model.     

Detection of K-ras mutations in mucinous pancreatic duct hyperplasia from a patient with a family history of pancreatic carcinoma.

Mutations in the K-ras oncogene and in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are commonly identified in sporadic cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Although these genes might serve as useful markers for early diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma in patients at risk for the development of this disease, familial pancreatic carcinomas have not been studied for these mutations. We recently had the opportunity to examine a pancreas prophylactically removed from a patient with a strong family history of pancreatic carcinoma. This gave us the unique opportunity to study the early events in the development of familial adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Histopathological examination of the pancreas revealed multifocal papillary and nonpapillary mucinous duct hyperplasia. Seven of these foci were microdissected and analyzed for K-ras and p53 mutations. The K-ras mutations were detected by combined mutant-enriched polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and characterized further by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization. Five of the seven duct lesions harbored activating point mutations in codon 12 of K-ras; a G to A transition was found in four and a G to C transversion in one. In contrast, these lesions did not harbor detectable p53 mutations as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of exons 5 to 8, nor was there overexpression of the p53 protein as determined by immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that mutations in K-ras represent an early event in the pathogenesis of pancreatic carcinoma. In addition, monitoring of patients with a strong family history of pancreatic carcinoma for K-ras mutations may identify patients at risk for the development of invasive carcinoma.     

Vibriophage VcA-3 as an epidemic strain marker for the U.S. Gulf Coast Vibrio cholerae O1 clone.

Toxigenic and nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1, El Tor biotype strains, which are endemic to the U.S. Gulf Coast, can be lysogenic for bacteriophage VcA-3. To evaluate the presence of VcA-3 as an indicator of toxigenicity and as an epidemic strain marker, phage production and the presence of phage and cholera toxin genes were assayed in 98 strains of V. cholerae O1 (35 U.S. and 63 foreign strains). By using a HindIII chromosomal digest for Southern blot analysis, 39 of the study strains hybridized with the VcA-3 probe in 10 banding patterns. The 15 toxigenic and 6 of the 20 nontoxigenic U.S. isolates gave four VcA-3-related patterns. Among the foreign isolates, 12 of 12 toxigenic classical biotype strains, 1 of 43 toxigenic El Tor biotype strains, and 3 of 8 nontoxigenic atypical strains gave six patterns that were clearly distinct from that of VcA-3. Compared with Southern blot analysis, the phage production assay had a sensitivity of 1.0 and a specificity of 0.48, while the colony hybridization assay had a sensitivity of 1.0 and a specificity of 0.77 for identification of VcA-3. Neither assay reliably identified the toxigenic Gulf Coast clone. The presence of VcA-3, as defined by Southern blot analysis, always separated toxigenic U.S. from foreign isolates and often from nontoxigenic U.S. isolates of V. cholerae O1.     

Randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive behaviour therapy versus treatment as usual in recurrent deliberate self-harm: the POPMACT study

BACKGROUND: We carried out a large randomized trial of a brief form of cognitive therapy, manual-assisted cognitive behaviour therapy (MACT) versus treatment as usual (TAU) for deliberate self-harm. METHOD: Patients presenting with recurrent deliberate self-harm in five centres were randomized to either MACT or (TAU) and followed up over 1 year. MACT patients received a booklet based on cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) principles and were offered up to five plus two booster sessions of CBT from a therapist in the first 3 months of the study. Ratings of parasuicide risk, anxiety, depression, social functioning and global function, positive and negative thinking, and quality of life were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Four hundred and eighty patients were randomized. Sixty per cent of the MACT group had both the booklet and CBT sessions. There were seven suicides, five in the TAU group. The main outcome measure, the proportion of those repeating deliberate self-harm in the 12 months of the study, showed no significant difference between those treated with MACT (39%) and treatment as usual (46%) (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.14, P=0.20). CONCLUSION: Brief cognitive behaviour therapy is of limited efficacy in reducing self-harm repetition, but the findings taken in conjunctin with the economic evaluation (Byford et al. 2003) indicate superiority of MACT over TAU in terms of cost and effectiveness combined.     

Cellular effects of deep brain stimulation: model-based analysis of activation and inhibition

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy for medically refractory movement disorders. However, fundamental questions remain about the effects of DBS on neurons surrounding the electrode. Experimental studies have produced apparently contradictory results showing suppression of activity in the stimulated nucleus, but increased inputs to projection nuclei. We hypothesized that cell body firing does not accurately reflect the efferent output of neurons stimulated with high-frequency extracellular pulses, and that this decoupling of somatic and axonal activity explains the paradoxical experimental results. We studied stimulation using the combination of a finite-element model of the clinical DBS electrode and a multicompartment cable model of a thalamocortical (TC) relay neuron. Both the electric potentials generated by the electrode and a distribution of excitatory and inhibitory trans-synaptic inputs induced by stimulation of presynaptic terminals were applied to the TC relay neuron. The response of the neuron to DBS was primarily dependent on the position and orientation of the axon with respect to the electrode and the stimulation parameters. Stimulation subthreshold for direct activation of TC relay neurons caused suppression of intrinsic firing (tonic or burst) activity during the stimulus train mediated by activation of presynaptic terminals. Suprathreshold stimulation caused suppression of intrinsic firing in the soma, but generated efferent output at the stimulus frequency in the axon. This independence of firing in the cell body and axon resolves the apparently contradictory experimental results on the effects of DBS. In turn, the results of this study support the hypothesis of stimulation-induced modulation of pathological network activity as a therapeutic mechanism of DBS.