血清白蛋白对含氯消毒剂杀菌效果影响观察

目的观察菌悬液中含小牛血清白蛋白(B组)对含氯消毒剂杀菌效果的影响。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验方法对二氯异氰尿酸钠、三氯异氰尿酸、次氯酸钠等3种含氯消毒剂杀菌效果观察,并与不含血清白蛋白菌悬液(A组)作平行比较。结果用有效氯含量250mg/L的二氯异氰尿酸钠、三氯异氰尿酸、次氯酸钠作用1min,对A组悬液内大肠杆菌杀灭率均为100%;对B组菌悬液内大肠杆菌杀灭率依次分别为99.53%、99.92%、16.66%。以含有效氯500mg/L的3种含氯消毒剂作用1min,对A组悬液内白色念珠菌的杀灭率均为100%;对B组菌悬液内白色念珠菌平均杀灭率依次分别为98.88%、100%、66.25%。用含有效氯2000mg/L三种含氯消毒剂作用15min,对A组菌悬液内枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的杀灭率为99.99%~100%;对B组悬液内枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢平均杀灭率依次分别为99.31%、69.41%、62.35%。结论菌悬液中含小牛血清白蛋白对三种含氯消毒剂杀菌效果有不同程度的影响,对次氯酸钠的杀菌效果影响更为显著。     

Depressed functional and phenotypic properties of T but not B lymphocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder in which the abnormality in cellular immunity has remained only vaguely defined. Previously we have shown that patients with ITP in its active phase have abnormal T cell subsets. We then examined the phenotypes of T and B lymphocytes in an additional 28 patients with ITP and 32 age- and sex-matched normal controls and compared the lymphocytes' capacity to respond to polyclonal T, T cell-dependent B, and B cell mitogens. Blastogenesis to optimal (5.0 micrograms/mL) and suboptimal (0.5 microgram/mL) concentrations of the polyclonal T cell mitogens were markedly depressed in patients compared with normal controls (P less than .0005). Similarly, a severe depression in response was noted with the polyclonal T cell-dependent B cell mitogen (P less than .000001). No difference was seen, however, with the polyclonal B cell mitogen. The proportions of pan-T and T helper/inducer lymphocytes were significantly depressed (P less than .005 and P less than .000005 respectively), and the T suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes increased (P less than .02) in patients relative to controls. But there was no difference in the proportion of B lymphocytes or in their functional response. The abnormal cellular immunity appears to be due to a defect in the T lymphocyte population without involvement of the B lymphocytes.     

Flow cytometric analysis of human bone marrow: I. Normal erythroid development

Flow cytometry was used to identify maturational differences of erythroid lineage cells in normal human bone marrow by combining physical characteristics, the expression of multiple cell surface antigens, and nucleic acid content. Normal low-density bone marrow cells could be divided into four populations, based on forward and right-angle light scattering. Erythroid cells, at different maturational stages, were found in three of these four marrow subpopulations. The sequentially correlated expression of three cell surface markers--HLe-1, transferrin receptor, and glycophorin--allowed us to study erythroid maturation from the colony forming cell to the mature erythrocyte. HLe-1 was expressed on the earliest identifiable erythroid cells and was progressively lost as the cells matured. Transferrin receptor began to be expressed at the BFU-E stage and disappeared at the late reticulocyte stage. Transferrin receptor expression preceded glycophorin expression, the latter beginning on morphologically recognizable erythroid precursors just after the CFU-E stage. In contrast to both HLe-1 and transferrin receptor, which were progressively lost during the maturational process, once glycophorin had been maximally expressed on the cell surface, it remained at constant quantities to the mature erythrocyte stage. Although developing nucleated erythroid cells at approximately the normoblast stage had light-scattering properties similar to those of lymphoid cells, these two cell types could be resolved by cell surface antigen expression. Normoblasts were glycophorin positive and HLe negative, whereas lymphoid cells expressed HLe and either Leu 4, Leu 11, or Leu 12. Decreases in cellular nucleic acid content, corresponding first to the extrusion of the nucleus and second to the loss of reticulum, characterized the later stages of erythroid development. These characteristics and instrumentation can be used to purify erythroid cells at various developmental stages.     

The presence within single K-562 cells of erythropoietic and granulopoietic differentiation markers

The continuous cell line K-562, derived from a patient with CML in blast crisis, was examined for markers of granulopoietic (My-1) and erythropoietic (spectrin) differentiation, using specific antibodies detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Both markers were seen, and in 10%--30% of cells, both were present in the same cells. In contrast, the continuous leukemic line HL-60 and KGI contained My-1 only. Controls consisted of colonies in culture containing both granulopoietic and erythropoietic cells (CFU-GEMM). In these, My-1 was seen only in granulopoietic cells and spectrin in erythropoietic cells. The suggestion is advanced that genes coding for differentiation markers are expressed abnormally in K-562.     

Anti-My-28, an antigranulocyte mouse monoclonal antibody, binds to a sugar sequence in lacto-N-neotetraose

Anti-My-28 is an IgM kappa monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma prepared from spleen cells of a mouse immunized with normal human granulocytes. By immunofluorescence it binds to human granulocytes but not to monocytes and lymphocytes. However, after treating cells with neuraminidase, the antibody also binds to lymphocytes and monocytes and to many leukemic cell lines and patient leukemic blast cells. Anti-My- 28 binds to several neutral glycolipids and desialylated gangliosides of leukocytes and erythrocytes as detected by radioimmunoassay and immunostaining of thin-layer chromatograms. It recognizes a sugar sequence in lacto-N-neotetraose, Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1- 4Glc. This tetrasaccharide occurs in the glycolipids paragloboside and sialosylparagloboside, and its distal trisaccharide sequence is found in higher glycolipids and in glycoproteins.     

西藏拉萨市和山南地区大骨节病流行病学调查

目的 了解西藏大骨节病病区病情发展趋势,为大骨节病病因研究和防治提供科学依据.方法 设计大骨节病调查表,于2007年7-11月,在西藏拉萨市的林周县、墨竹工卡县和山南地区桑日县的大骨节病病区,对自愿接受调查且有二代以上的家庭进行面对面的询问,并将询问结果填入调查表中;对被调查家庭中的5～14岁儿童,拍摄右手腕X线片.大骨节病诊断参照<大骨节病诊断标准>(GB 16003-1995)进行.结果 共收集144个家庭,对905人进行了面谈及临床检查,检出大骨节病患者208人,总检出率为22.98%(208/905).其中Ⅰ度病人148人,占患病总人数的71.15%(148/208);Ⅱ度病人43人,占患病总人数的20.67%(43/208);Ⅲ度病人17人,占患病总人数的8.17%(17/208).拉萨市和山南地区大骨节病检出率分别为29.73%(102/343)和18.86%(106/562),两地比较差异有统计学意义(x2=15.257,P＜0.01).本次共调查男368人,女537人,男性检山率为19.29%(71/368),女性检出率为25.51%(137/537),男女检出率比较差异有统计学意义(x2=5.372,P＜0.01).大骨节病病人主要集中在31～70岁,Ⅱ、Ⅲ度病人主要见于＞40年龄段中.≤20岁年龄组中临床检出患者仅5例,5～14岁儿童X线检出患者10例,检出率为6.85%(10/146).结论 拉萨市和山南地区所属的大骨节病病区病情比较稳定,并呈现下降趋势.但是在儿童中仍有X线诊断阳性病例,应引起有关部门的注意,进一步强化防制措施的落实.     

深圳市地铁车站内空气质量检测与分析

目的了解深圳地铁一期工程竣工验收时站内空气质量,为工程验收提供科学依据。方法根据国家有关法规、卫生标准,采用国家标准规定的检验检测方法,对深圳市地铁站内空气质量进行现场与实验检测分析,评价其是否符合国家卫生标准。结果除可吸入颗粒物,其他检测分析项目均符合国家卫生标准。结论该市地铁工程竣工验收时车站内空气质量良好。     

慢性荨麻疹患者心理健康状况调查及心理干预对慢性荨麻疹疗效的影响

目的探讨慢性荨麻疹患者心理健康状况及心理干预对慢性荨麻疹疗效的影响。方法对80例慢性荨麻疹患者进行汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA）问卷调查;并将患者随机分为两组,对照组仅给予药物治疗;治疗组给予药物＋心理干预治疗。结果慢性荨麻疹患者存在不同程度心理健康障碍,表现在焦虑心境、紧张、失眠、记忆或注意障碍、抑郁心境、呼吸系症状和植物神经症状方面与对照组有显著差异（P〈0.05）;治疗组疗效优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论心理干预对提高慢性荨麻疹疗效有一定的积极意义。     

The Commercial Determinants of Three Contemporary National Crises: How Corporate Practices Intersect With the COVID‐19 Pandemic,Economic Downturn,and Racial Inequity

Policy Points

•  The United States finds itself in the middle of an unprecedented combination of crises: a global pandemic, economic crisis, and unprecedented civic responses to structural racism.
•  While public sector responses to these crises have faced much justified criticism, the commercial determinants of these crises have not been sufficiently examined.
•  In this commentary we examine the nature of the contributions of such actors to the conditions that underpin these crises in the United States through their market and nonmarket activities.
•  On the basis of this analysis, we make recommendations on the role of governance and civil society in relation to such commercial actors in a post‐COVID‐19 world.

The united states finds itself amid three concurrent and interrelated crises. First, at the time of writing, the United States has reported more than 27 million confirmed COVID‐19 cases and more than 500,000 Americans have lost their lives. ¹ Second, in part as a consequence of the physical distancing measures enacted to slow the spread of the pandemic, the United States has faced record unemployment, a rise in the number of Americans unable to afford medical insurance, an end to federal support measures, and an uncertain economic outlook. According to the US Department of Labor, more than 50 million Americans have filed for unemployment benefits since the COVID‐19 pandemic started; more than 10 million Americans remain on state unemployment benefits. ² Third, the country is still contending with how to respond to mass civil protests in 2020 unlike any seen in half a century, triggered by the killing of George Floyd at the hands of police in Minneapolis. This civil unrest reflects centuries of structural racism and has brought unprecedented attention to this problem. ³ , ⁴ , ⁵ In each of these three concurrent crises, the pandemic, ongoing large‐scale unemployment, and civil protests, ⁶ the US federal response has been criticized as being delayed and poorly coordinated, involving downplaying the threat posed by the pandemic and building on longer‐term failures by previous administrations to make investments in public goods that may have facilitated a more robust and effective collective response.By contrast, it would appear that some of the largest entities in corporate America have responded more rapidly to each of the ongoing crises than the federal government has. A number of large companies have engaged in activities that responded to needs emerging from the pandemic, such as producing hand sanitizer, ⁷ setting up COVID‐19 testing sites, ⁸ and partnering on contact tracing. ⁹ Most notably, the pharmaceutical sector has contributed to an unexpectedly and unquestionably successful vaccine development process for SARS‐CoV‐2, with almost 200 million shots already distributed. ¹⁰ In response to the economic downturn, many companies have been adapting their business practices to supply essential services in a time of great disruption. For example, food and other essential businesses have largely kept supply chains for essential goods open, ¹¹ through extending working hours, hiring additional staff, and implementing new means of operating. Several large employers have responded to changing circumstance, aiming to keep as many employees working as possible, often through an embrace of remote working and implementing more permanent shifts into patterns of working. ¹² In response to the global protests around structural racism that erupted in 2020, a number of large companies, including Nike, Reebok, Twitter, and Citigroup, have publicly aligned themselves with the Black Lives Matter movement, ¹³ including committing more than a billion dollars in pledged donations. ¹⁴ In a moment of great national turmoil, when government seems not up to the task, private sector actors have appeared, by contrast, to be better positioned to address the three crises of the moment. This plays neatly into a private sector–centric narrative, and there is little question that much good has come from elements of the private sector during this time.It is certainly true that these visible private sector efforts have contributed to helping populations deal with the consequences of an unprecedented global pandemic. But, given the emerging evidence about the populations at risk for COVID‐19, and why that risk exists to begin with, it is legitimate to ask: in the case of COVID‐19, what was the contribution of the private sector in creating the conditions that made us vulnerable to the pandemic and its consequences to begin with? And, by extension, how can private sector actions align with a durable set of solutions to the crises that characterize this moment?We already know that large, consolidated corporate entities, particularly those that manufacture harmful products, can have profound effects on population health. ¹⁵ , ¹⁶ , ¹⁷ The most obvious way in which this manifests is through “market activity,” that is, the direct consequences of manufacturing and marketing particular products. For example, it is easy to recognize that marketing of cigarettes harms health. However, such actors also influence population health through a range of “nonmarket” activities that shape the political, social, and cultural environments that they operate in. ¹⁸ Examples of this activity include political donations, lobbying, corporate social responsibility initiatives, and legal activity. These activities, often seen as intrinsic to corporate practice, support and protect commercial interests, yet do not necessarily promote population health or structures of governance. Bearing this in mind, it is worth understanding how such activities, both market and nonmarket, have contributed to the vulnerability of the United States to the three crises we now face.