003 胺碘酮可作为心房纤颤转复为窦性心律的首选药物

在美国，胺碘酮仅被批准用于治疗致命性室性心律失常，而在其他国家，尤其是南欧，也被广泛用于心房纤颤(Af)的治疗。然而有关胺碘酮复律效果报道不一，其成功率在16％～92％。本文前瞻性随机对照研究胺碘酮作为Af复律的首选药物的疗效及安全性。 连续208例症状性Af，男性102例，女性106例，年龄27～78(65±10)岁。将受试者随机分为胺碘酮治疗组与安慰剂组。胺碘酮用法：300mg静脉注射，持续1小时，然后以20mg/kg静脉滴注，持续24小时，继之口服200mg，tid，共1周，400mg/d共3周。如果受试者此前未用地高辛，则给予地高辛0.5mg静脉注射，2小时后再静脉注射0.25mg，继之静脉注射0.25mg，q6h，共24小时，此后调整地高辛剂量以维持治疗剂量的血清浓度，对Af持续48小时以上或持续时间不明、未用抗凝药物者均应用醋硝香豆素(acenocoumaro1)，至少21天，复律成功者继续用药21天，未成功者用药时间不定。本研究将Af持续1个月以上者定义为慢性Af，＜24小时者定义为新近发作Af，其余定义为持续性Af。     

Worsening of Tourette's disorder due to neuroleptic-induced akathisia

Of 100 patients with Tourette's disorder, six demonstrated unequivocal worsening after their neuroleptic doses were increased. Akathisia was described in the records of all six patients and seemed to be the cause of the deterioration.     

GABA immunoreactivity in the retina

Presumed GABA neurons were studied in chick, guinea pig, and rabbit retinae with an immunohistochemical procedure aimed at direct demonstration of the endogenous GABA. In all species, a subset of amacrine cells was immunoreactive, as well as numerous fibers in the inner plexiform layer. In the chick, immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in horizontal cells, and single cell processes could be distinguished in both plexiform layers. The study indicates that the endogenous stores of GABA in GABAergic neurons can be visualized with immunohistochemical techniques. This direct approach thus gives additional information and probably is less subject to nonspecific staining than the demonstration of enzymes linked to GABA synthesis and metabolism. It also gives superior resolution in comparison with the autoradiographic techniques currently used for demonstrating GABA neurons. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27:674-678, 1986.     

A near-fatal reaction during granulocyte transfusion of a neonate

Although reactions to granulocyte transfusions in neonates are rarely reported, we observed a near-fatal pulmonary reaction, presumably due to white cell antibodies, in a neonate with Rh hemolytic disease. The hemolytic disease was being treated with exchange transfusions, and at 2 days after the infant's birth, bacterial sepsis was suspected and granulocyte transfusions were begun. The first granulocyte transfusion (Day 3) was uneventful. Five minutes after the beginning of the second granulocyte transfusion (Day 4), severe respiratory distress, hypotension, bradycardia, cyanosis, and acidosis suddenly occurred. The infant's serum obtained after the reaction contained granulocytotoxic and B-lymphocytotoxic antibodies that reacted with leukocytes from the second granulocyte donor. Antibodies could not be detected either in the initial infant serum or in maternal serum. However, an antileukocyte antibody was present in the serum of a parous woman donor. We used plasma from this woman to prepare reconstituted whole blood for the exchange transfusion that we performed immediately preceding the second granulocyte transfusion. Despite the sequence of events, an irrefutable cause-and-effect mechanism could not be established because the properties of the donor and neonatal antibodies were similar, but not identical. However, this catastrophic event emphasizes both the potential for adverse effects of granulocyte transfusions in neonates and the need for caution when transfusing blood from parous women.     

The increased proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium and water is maintained in long-term insulin-dependent diabetics with early nephropathy

Proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium and water was investigated in long-term insulin-dependent diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria (group I, n = 19), microalbuminuria (group II, n = 39), diabetic nephropathy (group III, n = 12) and in 13 healthy age-matched subjects. Glomerular filtration rate was measured with the single injection, 51Cr-EDTA technique. The fluid flow rate out of the proximal tubules was assessed by the renal lithium clearance. Although glomerular filtration rate was significantly elevated in the diabetic patients (Group I: 122 +/- 16, Group II: 121 +/- 18, Group III: 110 +/- 17, Controls: 105 +/- 13 ml/min X 1.73 m2), lithium clearance was similar in the four groups (Group I: 19 +/- 6, Group II: 22 +/- 7, Group III: 19 +/- 5, Controls: 23 +/- 4 ml/min X 1.73 m2). Both absolute and fractional proximal reabsorption of sodium and water was enhanced in diabetes. Indices of distal tubular function did not differ between controls and patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Sodium clearance was about the same in the four groups. Our study suggests that the enhanced proximal reabsorption of sodium and water in insulin-dependent diabetic patients is still observed despite the presence of incipient or overt diabetic nephropathy.     

Penetration of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with inflamed meninges.

A single intravenous dose of 2.0 g of amoxicillin and 0.2 g of potassium clavulanate was given to patients with bacterial meningitis, and the pharmacokinetics of both drugs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma were evaluated. Twenty-one patients aged 14 to 76 years were studied. Both amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate were detectable in the CSF as early as 1 h and reached peak concentrations by approximately 2 h. The highest mean CSF concentrations were 2.25 micrograms/ml for amoxicillin and 0.25 micrograms/ml for potassium clavulanate and were found in patients with moderately or severely inflamed meninges. The CSF penetration relative to plasma for amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate was 5.8 and 8.4%, respectively. These levels suggest that the amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination may be effective for the treatment of bacterial meningitis caused by beta-lactamase-producing pathogens.     

Differentiation of Candida glabrata, C. nivariensis and C. bracarensis based on fragment length polymorphism of ITS1 and ITS2 and restriction fragment length polymorphism of ITS and D1/D2 regions in rDNA

Different molecular methods for the discrimination of Candida glabrata, C. bracarensis and C. nivariensis were evaluated and the prevalence of these species among Danish blood isolates investigated. Control strains were used to determine fragment length polymorphism in the ITS1, ITS2, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions and in the D1/D2 domain of 26S rDNA using primers designed for this study. A total of 133 blood isolates previously identified as C. glabrata were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and the peptide nucleic acid-fluorescent in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) method. The size of ITS1 allowed differentiation between C. glabrata (483), C. nivariensis (361) and C. bracarensis (385), whereas the ITS2 region was of similar size in C. nivariensis (417) and C. glabrata (418). Sequence analysis of the ITS region suggested that many restriction enzymes were suitable for RFLP differentiation of the species. Enzymatic digestion of the D1/D2 domain with TatI produced unique band sizes for each of the three species. PCR-RFLP and PNA-FISH were in agreement for all of the isolates tested. None of the 133 Danish blood isolates were C. nivariensis or C. bracarensis. Fragment size polymorphism of ITS1 and RFLP of the D1/D2 domain or the ITS region are useful methods for the differentiation of the species within the C. glabrata group. C. bracarensis and C. nivariensis are rare among Danish C. glabrata blood isolates.