高频彩色多普勒超声在乳腺硬化性腺病中的应用

目的探讨乳腺高频彩色多普勒超声检查超声乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI—RADS）分级诊断标准在硬化性腺病中的诊断和治疗中的应用。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实为良性病变的且有完整资料的BI-RADS3级和4级患者共68例,其中包括病理证实为硬化性腺病的33例患者与病理证实为其他良性病变的35例患者,并将BI—RADS3级和4级良性病变的超声表现进行比较。结果33例硬化性腺病患者（37个病灶）中,BI—RADS分级3级31个,4级6个。35例其他良性病变患者（42个病灶）中,BI—RADS分级3级41个,4级1个。结论在乳腺高频彩色多普勒超声检查中,应用BI—RADS分级诊断标准对硬化性腺病进行临床诊断具有重要意义。     

Promoting patient involvement in safety initiatives

Between 300,000 and 1.4 million adverse events occur each year in the NHS, and about half of those that occur in inpatient settings are preventable (Department of Health Expert Group on Learning from Adverse Events in the NHS 2000). Strategies to reduce these events have focused mainly on changing systems of care and professional behaviour, but there is growing interest in involving patients in safety initiatives. This stresses the development and use of interventions to promote and support patients' and their representatives' roles in securing their own safety in health care. This article reports the results of a series of linked studies that examined how patients might effectively promote their own safety, and to explore how this might vary by context, place or demography.     

Clinical, molecular, and genomic changes in response to a left ventricular assist device

The use of left ventricular assist devices in treating patients with end-stage heart failure has increased significantly in recent years, both as a bridge to transplantation and as destination therapy in those who are ineligible for cardiac transplantation. This increase is based largely on the results of several recently completed clinical trials with the new second-generation continuous-flow devices that showed significant improvements in survival, functional capacity, and quality of life. Additional information on the use of the first- and second-generation left ventricular assist devices has come from a recently released report spanning the years 2006 to 2009, from the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support, a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored collaboration between the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and the scientific community. The authors review the latest clinical trials and data from the registry, with tight integration of the landmark molecular, cellular, and genomic research that accompanies the reverse remodeling of the human heart in response to a left ventricular assist device and functional recovery that has been reported in a subset of these patients.     

Quantification of phenytoin and its metabolites in equine plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography

A reliable and sensitive method for the extraction and quantification of phenytoin (5,5'-diphenylhydantoin), its major metabolite, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH) and minor metabolite, 5-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (m-HPPH) in horse urine and plasma is described. The method involves the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), enzyme hydrolysis (EH) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The minor metabolite, 5-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (m-HPPH) was not present in a reliably quantifiable concentration in all samples. The new method described was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic studies and elimination profile of phenytoin and p-HPPH following oral or intravenous administration in the horse.     

Doing involvement: A qualitative study exploring the ‘work’ of involvement enacted by older people and their carers during transition from hospital to home

ContextBeing involved in one''s care is prioritised within UK healthcare policy to improve care quality and safety. However, research suggests that many older people struggle with this.DesignWe present focused ethnographic research exploring older peoples'' involvement in healthcare from hospital to home.ResultsWe propose that being involved in care is a dynamic form of labour, which we call ‘involvement work’ (IW). In hospital, many patients ‘entrust’ IW to others; indeed, when desired, maintaining control, or being actively involved, was challenging. Patient and professionals'' expectations, alongside hospital processes, promoted delegation; staff frequently did IW on patients'' behalf. Many people wanted to resume IW postdischarge, but struggled because they were out of practice.DiscussionPreference and capacity for involvement was dynamic, fluctuating over time, according to context and resource accessibility. The challenges of resuming IW were frequently underestimated by patients and care providers, increasing dependence on others post‐discharge and negatively affecting peoples'' sense and experience of (in)dependence.ConclusionsA balance needs to be struck between respecting peoples'' desire/capacity for non‐involvement in hospital while recognising that ‘delegating’ IW can be detrimental. Increasing involvement will require patient and staff roles to be reframed, though this must be done acknowledging the limits of patient desire, capability,and resources. Hospital work should be (re)organised to maximise involvement where possible and desired.Patient/Public ContributionOur Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement Panel contributed to research design, especially developing interview guides and patient‐facing documentation. Patients were key participants within the study; it is their experiences represented.     

Promoting health, preserving culture: adapting RARE in the Maasai context of Northern Tanzania

HIV/AIDS prevention strategies often neglect traditions and cultural practices relevant to the spread of HIV. The role of women in the HIV/AIDS context has typically been relegated to high-risk female groups such as sex workers, or those engaged in transactional sex for survival. Consequently, these perceptions are born out in the escalation of HIV/AIDS among communities, and female populations in particular where prevention frameworks remain culturally intolerant. We have attempted to address these issues by using an adapted Rapid Assessment Response and Evaluation (RARE) model to examine the impact of HIV/AIDS in the Maasai community of Ngorongoro. Our adapted RARE model used community engagement venues such as stockholder workshops, key informant interviews, and focus groups. Direct observations and geomapping were also done. Throughout our analysis, a gender and a pastoralist-centered approach provided methodological guidance, and served as value added contributions to out adaptation. Based in the unique context of a rural pastoralist community, we made recommendations appropriate to the cultural setting and the RARE considerations.