Response of Genotypes to Cutting Management for Seed Yield in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cenchrus ciliaris</Emphasis> Under Hot Arid Conditions

Three promising genotypes (CAZRI 75, CAZRI 2178 and CAZRI 2221) of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) were evaluated for maximization of seed production by imposing different cutting management practices, i.e. uncut (control), single cut at 30 and 45 days of sowing/regeneration and at 50 % flowering during 2010–2013 under arid conditions of Thar desert. Maximum pure seed yield (PSY) of 67.6 kg/ha was produced by CAZRI 2221 in 2011, 53.5 kg/ha in 2012 and 72.0 kg/ha in 2013 with average of 64.4 kg/ha, which was 131.7 and 32.2 % higher than CAZRI 75 and CAZRI 2178, respectively. Highest PSYs were obtained from uncut crop in all the years, and average over the last 3 years showed that the PSY (86.3 kg/ha) from uncut treatment was 117.4, 283.6 and 119.0 % higher than the crops cut at 30 and 45 days and 50 % flowering, respectively. Average over the last 3 years of crop growth also showed that plant height, number of fertile tillers/meter row length, spike length, 1,000-seed weight, seeds/spike, seed weight/spike and dry matter yield were maximum with no cutting. Reduced dry matter yield was recorded in the years 2012 and 2013 when cuttings were imposed. The findings of the investigation showed that CAZRI 2221 was the best seed yielder and higher seed yields were obtained from the uncut treatment.     

Angiomyoma of the mandible: a case report

A rare case of intrabony angiomyoma affecting the mandible is presented. The patient was 25 years old male who complained of swelling and pain in the posterior segment of his lower jaw. Histopathologically diagnosed angiomyoma is discussed with emphasis on the pathogenesis in the present case. Literature concerning the lesion is reviewed. In the present paper we report a case of angiomyoma affecting the mandible. Angiomyomas are also known as vascular leiomyomas which commonly occur in the wrist and ankle region. They are painful tumours as was also evident in our case. These tumours are characterized histopathologically by convuluted thick walled vessels associated with bundles of well differentiated smooth muscle elements. They rarely affect the oral cavity. Therefore our case is one of the few cases affecting the oral cavity as reported earlier. Tumours of the smooth muscle cells which form involuntary muscle are known as leiomyomas. These commonly affect the alimentary tract. They are rarely found to affect the oral cavity.     

Operator Experience and Fracture Location Affects the Rate of Facial Nerve Injury in Condylar Fractures: An Analysis of 89 Cases

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What defines abnormal lung function in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a very common lung disease most often related to a history of smoking. It becomes more prevalent with increasing age but remains under-diagnosed and under-treated in the elderly population. The Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) programme has been instrumental in providing standard diagnostic criteria as well as recommendations for prevention and management of COPD. GOLD recommendations define COPD as a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1))/forced vital capacity (FVC) of <70%, with the severity based on the value of FEV(1). This recommendation is different from that of many previous reports that have recommended diagnosing obstruction using the statistically derived lower limit of normal (LLN), which varies for each person according to age, height, ethnicity and gender. While the use of a 70% ratio may be simpler, it may result in under-diagnosis of airflow obstruction in younger people and over-diagnosis in the elderly. This is particularly important as the elderly may be most sensitive to many of the adverse effects of medications used in the treatment of COPD, including corticosteroids and anticholinergic bronchodilators.Most of the studies comparing the LLN and a fixed ratio of 70% have not been performed with post-bronchodilator testing as recommended by GOLD. Generation of post-bronchodilator reference sets and studies comparing the LLN with the post-bronchodilator FEV(1)/FVC ratio of <70% will help resolve this issue. One recent study examined patients admitted to hospitals who had an FEV(1)/FVC ratio of <70% but above the LLN, and found they were at increased risk of death and COPD complications. This would support the use of GOLD criteria. Further studies examining this population are needed.In addition to the uncertainties about what diagnostic criteria should be utilized for diagnosis of airflow obstruction, different organizations make different recommendations on screening spirometry. A conservative recommendation is to perform spirometry in symptomatic individuals. It is important to remember that while COPD is under-diagnosed in the elderly, this group is also at a higher risk of being falsely classified as having airflow obstruction using the 70% ratio recommended by GOLD. This can result in unnecessary use of medications and increased risk of adverse effects to which the elderly are more prone.     

Therapeutic role of zonisamide in neuropsychiatric disorders

Zonisamide (ZNS), a sulfonamide antiepileptic drug, is indicated as an adjunct therapy for partial seizure disorders with and without secondary generalization. ZNS has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile because of its rapid absorption and high bioavailability. Its activity is related to the blockade of voltage gated sodium and calcium channels, modulation of central dopaminergic, GABAergic, and serotonergic functions, as well as inhibition of carbonic anhydrase and monoamine oxidase B. ZNS has potential efficacy for an array of neuropsychiatric disorders including migraine and other headache syndromes, neuropathic pain, Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, stroke, obesity, anxiety, bipolar and binge-eating disorders.     

Hydrodynamic voltammetry at membrane-covered electrodes

The modification of platinum electrodes with commercial filtration membranes is used to study the interplay between solution and membrane mass-transport in non-aqueous solution. Two types of commercial membrane, “track-etched” polyethylene terephthalate and γ-Al₂O₃, are employed. Voltammetric and amperometric data is obtained under both hydrodynamic (rotating-disc) and stationary conditions, which is interpreted in terms of a pinhole model. Contrasting behaviour is seen for the different membranes, which can be understood by consideration of the membrane thickness relative to the diffusion layer established in solution. In particular, overlapping diffusion behaviour is observed for the much thinner polymer membranes under hydrodynamic conditions.     

Obturator-orbital prosthesis

A technique is described to treat patients who have had mutilating surgery, resulting in facial disfigurement, loss of an eye, and a surgical defect in the palate. The technique utilizes an occular prosthesis, a hollow-bulb obturator, and complete dentures.