Adhesion of 10-MDP containing resin cements to dentin with and without the etch-and-rinse technique

PURPOSE

This study evaluated the adhesion of 10-MDP containing self-etch and self-adhesive resin cements to dentin with and without the use of etch-and-rinse technique.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human third molars (N=180) were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=30 per group). Conventional (Panavia F2.0, Kuraray-PAN) and self-adhesive resin cements (Clearfil SA, Kuraray-CSA) were bonded to dentin surfaces either after application of 3-step etch-and-rinse (35% H₃PO₄ + ED Primer) or two-step self-etch adhesive resin (Clearfil SE Bond). Specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test using the universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). The failure types were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and quality of hybrid layer was observed under a scanning electron microscope. The data (MPa) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey''s tests (α=.05).

RESULTS

Overall, PAN adhesive cement showed significantly higher mean bond strength (12.5 ± 2.3 - 14.1 ± 2.4 MPa) than CSA cement (9.3 ± 1.4 - 13.9 ± 1.9 MPa) (P<.001). Adhesive failures were more frequent in CSA cement groups when used in conjunction with two-step self-adhesive (68%) or no adhesive at all (66%). Hybrid layer quality was inferior in CSA compared to PAN cement in all conditions.

CONCLUSION

In clinical situations where bonding to dentin substrate is crucial, both conventional and self-adhesive resin cements based on 10-MDP can benefit from etch-and-rinse technique to achieve better quality of adhesion in the early clinical period.     

The effects of polycystic ovary syndrome on gestational diabetes mellitus

The aim of this study was to explore the inter-relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes mellitus, and demonstrate maternal and fetal outcomes. This was a case-control study in 1360 pregnant women who received a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus between 24 and 28 weeks of gestational age. Among all diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, 150 pregnant women had received a polycystic ovary syndrome, and 160 women who did not have polycystic ovary syndrome were designated as controls. The incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension was 26.3% and 12% in the case and control groups, respectively. Preeclampsia was seen at an incidence of 12% and 6% in case and in control groups, respectively. The difference in neonatal hypoglycemia between the two groups was statistically significant, with an incidence of 17% and 5% in the case and in control groups, respectively. This study demonstrated that the presence of polycystic ovary syndrome along with gestational diabetes mellitus increases the risk of pregnancy induced hypertension by 2.4 fold, preeclampsia by 2 fold and neonatal hypoglycemia by 3.2 fold, compared to gestational diabetes mellitus alone.     

Mosquito and tick repellency of two Anthemis essential oils from Saudi Arabia

The essential oils (EOs) of Anthemis melampodina (Am) and Anthemis scrobicularis (As) (Asteraceae) were extracted from the aerial parts of the plants by hydrodistillation, and their chemical compositions were analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. Fifty-six components representing 85.5% of the oil composition of Anthemis melampdina were identified, and the major components were α-pinene (17.1%) and β-eudesmol (13.8%). Forty-one components representing 86% of the oil composition of Anthemis scrobicularis were identified, and the major component was β-eudesmol (12.8%). Laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine repellency of Am and As EOs against the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti L. and the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum L. The minimum effective doses (MEDs) of the Am and As EOs against mosquitoes were 0.187?±?0.000 and 0.312?±?0.063?mg/cm² respectively, which were significantly higher than that of DEET (0.023?±?0.000?mg/cm²) in human-based repellent bioassays. The As EO was more repellent than Am EO against nymphal ticks but was less effective than DEET in vertical paper bioassays.     

Upregulation of microRNA-93-5p/microRNA-4668-5p,and promoter methylation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and interleukin-16 genes in Turkish patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Aim of the workTo investigate promoter methylation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and interleukin-16 (IL-16) genes with the expression of miRNA-93-5p and miRNA-4668-5p which target these genes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), respectively.Patients and methodsThe study included 49 RA patients and 38 healthy controls. Promoter methylation of MMP-3 and IL-16 was analyzed by methylation-specific PCR. The expression of miRNA-93-5p and miRNA-4668-5p were determined. Disease activity score (DAS28) was assessed.ResultsThe 49 patients (38 female, 11 male) mean age was 50.4 ± 10.5 years and disease duration of 9.1 ± 7.4 years. The mean DAS28 was 3.9 ± 1.4. The MMP-3 gene methylation frequency was significantly lower in patients (n = 37;75.5%) compared to control (n = 37;97.4%) (p = 0.004) while they were comparable for IL-16 gene (n = 46;93.9% vs n = 37;97.4%)(p = 0.45). The relative normalized expression of miRNA-93-5p and miRNA-4668-5p were significantly increased (p < 0.001) in patients (2.28 ± 3.71 and 2.47 ± 4.17-fold) compared to controls (1.12 ± 0.18 and 1.28 ± 0.53-fold) and both tended to decrease with high disease activity (r =  ? 0.104, p = 0.52; r = ?0.24, p = 0.15, respectively). There was no significant difference of miRNA-93-5p (p = 0.45), and miRNA-4668-5p (p = 0.26) expressions between patients receiving treatment and those not. A negative correlation was observed between disease activity and change in expression levels of miRNA-93-5p (r = ?0.104, p = 0.52) and miRNA-4668-5p (r = ?0.24, p = 0.15). The ROC curve analysis of target miRNAs showed the diagnostic potential of miRNA-93-5p and miRNA-4668-5p (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001 respectively).ConclusionsThe methylation status of MMP-3 promoter and expression levels of miRNA-93-5p and miRNA-4668-5p could be useful biomarkers for the pathogenesis of RA and might reflect disease activity.     

Views of Mothers Having Children with Intellectual Disability Regarding Sexual Education: A Qualitative Study

This study was designed to evaluate the views of mothers having children with intellectual disability on sexual education for their children. Focused group methodology and in-depth interviews (face-to-face) were utilized for qualitative investigation. Interviews were performed with nine mothers having children with disability, aged 7–18 years registered at the “Education Practice Centre and Job Training Centre” from 2012 to 2013. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire prepared by the researchers through screening. The questionnaire focused on the selection of sexual education. A voice-recording device was used during the interviews; face-to-face interviews were performed in a suitable physical environment without any voice recording. After they were given information about the study and voice recording the mothers’ verbal consents were obtained. In this study, it was found that all mothers having children with intellectual disability ignored the sexual education for their children with intellectual disability. All mothers, especially having a boy with intellectual disability, said that a sexual education was needed for their children, and they thought this education could be given by an institution like a rehabilitation centre. People generally thought that children with intellectual disability would not have a sexual life, family planning was thought to be unnecessary to be involved in sexual education, they were scared that their children would be sexually abused and therefore kept them away even from their healthy siblings. These findings are thought to be a guide for nurses, rehabilitation centres and schools working with children with intellectual disability to prioritize the sexual education of these children, raise awareness in families and children on this subject and enable them to sustain their healthy sexual developments and protect them from possible danger.     

Structural and Mechanical Repair of Diffuse Damage in Cortical Bone In Vivo

Physiological wear and tear causes bone microdamage at several hierarchical levels, and these have different biological consequences. Bone remodeling is widely held to be the mechanism by which bone microdamage is repaired. However, recent studies showed that unlike typical linear microcracks, small crack damage, the clusters of submicron‐sized matrix cracks also known as diffuse damage (Dif.Dx), does not activate remodeling. Thus, the fate of diffuse damage in vivo is not known. To examine this, we induced selectively Dif.Dx in rat ulnae in vivo by using end‐load ulnar bending creep model. Changes in damage content were assessed by histomorphometry and mechanical testing immediately after loading (ie, acute loaded) or at 14 days after damage induction (ie, survival ulnae). Dif.Dx area was markedly reduced over the 14‐day survival period after loading (p < 0.02). We did not observe any intracortical resorption, and there was no increase in cortical bone area in survival ulnae. The reduction in whole bone stiffness in acute loaded ulnae was restored to baseline levels in survival ulnae (p > 0.6). Microindentation studies showed that Dif.Dx caused a highly localized reduction in elastic modulus in diffuse damage regions of the ulnar cortex. Moduli in these previously damaged bone areas were restored to control values by 14 days after loading. Our current findings indicate that small crack damage in bone can be repaired without bone remodeling, and they suggest that alternative repair mechanisms exist in bone to deal with submicron‐sized matrix cracks. Those mechanisms are currently unknown and further investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which this direct repair occurs. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research     

Prolonged QT Dispersion in the Infants of Diabetic Mothers

Myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction frequently occur in newborns of diabetic mothers. The authors hypothesized that wall hypertrophy or disproportionate left ventricular wall thickness in newborns of diabetic mothers may affect both QT and QTc dispersion. This study aimed to assess whether left ventricular hypertrophy affects the QT variables of infants born to diabetic mothers. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 47 consecutively selected neonates of gestational diabetic mothers and 30 healthy neonates born to healthy mothers. All the subjects were evaluated during the neonatal period. Electrocardiography with echocardiography was performed for the patients and the control subjects. The newborns of the diabetic mothers were classified according to septal thickness as group 1 (16 newborns with septal hypertrophy) or group 2 (31 newborns without septal hypertrophy). The study group consisted of three cohorts: groups 1, 2, and 3 (control group). Both QT and QTc dispersion were computed from a randomly selected beat as well as from an average beat derived from 12 beats included in a 10-s electrocardiography. A total of 16 infants (34 %) had a septal thickness of 6 mm or greater. The left ventricular end-systolic diameter in group 1 was smaller (p = 0.0029) than in groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.003). The interventricular septal thickness at end diastole (IVSTd) and the left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end diastole in group 1 were higher than in of groups 2 and 3. The QT and QTc dispersion intervals were longer in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.001), and a highly significant positive correlation was detected between IVSTd and QT dispersion (r = 0.514, p = 0.042). Elevated QT and QTc dispersions may be risk factors for the development of arrhythmias in newborns of diabetic mothers. These patients may critically need systematic cardiac screening.