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Aim
Extended liver resection has increased during the last decades. However, hepatic hemodynamic changes after resection and the consequent complications like post hepatectomy liver failure are still a challenging issue. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the role of stepwise liver resection on hepatic hemodynamic changes.Methods
To evaluate this effect we performed 25, 50, and 75 % sequential liver resections in 10 pigs. Before and after each resection, the hepatic artery flow and portal vein flow in relation to the remnant liver volume (RLV) as well as hepatic vascular pressures were measured and compared between the groups.Results
Following sequential liver resection, the hepatic artery flow /100 g decreases and the portal vein flow increases up to 17 and 167 % following extended liver resection (75 %), respectively. Also, during stepwise liver resection, the portal vein pressure increases gradually up to 33 % following extended hepatectomy (75 %).Conclusion
Sequential decrease in the RLV decreases the hepatic artery flow /100 g and increases the portal vein flow /100 g and portal vein pressure. As the consequence, the liver goes under more poor-oxygenated blood supply and higher pressure. This may be one of the most important mechanisms of the post hepatectomy liver failure in case of extended liver resection.Key points
- Hypertension is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death caused by ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation.
- Whether hypertension in its early stage is associated with an increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias is not known.
- Based on experiments performed at the cellular and whole heart levels, we show that, even early in chronic hypertension, the hypertrophied and fibrotic ventricles of spontaneously hypertensive rats aged 5 to 6 months have already developed increased stress‐induced arrhythmogenicity, and this increased susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias is primarily a result of tissue remodelling rather than cellular electrophysiological changes.
- Our findings highlight the need for early hypertension treatment to minimize myocardial fibrosis, ventricular hypertrophy, and arrhythmias.
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death caused by ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (VT/VF). We hypothesized that, in early hypertension, the susceptibility to stress‐induced VT/VF increases. We compared the susceptibility of 5‐ to 6‐month‐old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age/sex‐matched normotensive rats (NR) to VT/VF during challenge with oxidative stress (H2O2; 0.15 mmol l−1). We found that only SHR hearts exhibited left ventricular fibrosis and hypertrophy. H2O2 promoted VT in all 30 SHR but none of the NR hearts. In 33% of SHR cases, focal VT degenerated to VF within 3 s. Simultaneous voltage‐calcium optical mapping of Langendorff‐perfused SHR hearts revealed that H2O2‐induced VT/VF arose spontaneously from focal activations at the base and mid left ventricular epicardium. Microelectrode recording of SHR hearts showed that VT was initiated by early afterdepolarization (EAD)‐mediated triggered activity. However, despite the increased susceptibility of SHR hearts to VT/VF, patch clamped isolated SHR ventricular myocytes developed EADs and triggered activity to the same extent as NR ventricular myocytes, except with larger EAD amplitude. During the early stages of hypertension, when challenged with oxidative stress, SHR hearts showed an increased ventricular arrhythmogenicity that stems primarily from tissue remodelling (hypertrophy, fibrosis) rather than cellular electrophysiological changes. Our findings highlight the need for early hypertension treatment to minimize myocardial fibrosis, ventricular hypertrophy, and arrhythmias.Abbreviations
- AP
- action potential
- APD
- action potential duration
- APD90
- action potential at 90% duration
- CaMKII
- calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II
- CaT
- calcium transient
- CaTD90
- calcium transient at 90% duration
- CI
- confidence interval
- DBP
- diastolic blood pressure
- EAD/DAD
- early/delayed after‐depolarization
- HR
- heart rate
- ICC
- interclass correlation
- ICa,L
- L‐type calcium current
- IKs
- slow delayed rectifier potassium current
- INa
- sodium current
- Ito
- transient outward potassium current
- IVS(d,s) interventricular septum thickness (during diastole
- during systole)
- LV
- left ventricle
- LVEF
- left ventricular ejection fraction
- LVFS
- left ventricular fractional shortening
- LVH
- left ventricular hypertrophy
- LVID(d,s) left ventricular internal diameter (during diastole
- during systole)
- MV
- mitral valve
- NR
- normotensive rats
- PA peak vel
- pulmonary artery peak velocity
- (P)CL
- (pacing) cycle length
- PW
- posterior wall
- P‐ECG
- pseudo‐electrocardiogram
- RV
- right ventricle
- RWT
- relative wall thickness
- SHR
- spontaneously hypertensive rats
- SHHF
- spontaneously hypertensive heart failure
- SBP
- systolic blood pressure
- VT/VF
- ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation
Adjacent segment disease (ASDz) is a potential complication following lumbar spinal fusion. A common nomenclature based on etiology and ASDz type does not exist and is needed to assist with clinical prognostication, decision making, and management.
Questions/PurposesThe objective of this study was to develop an etiology-based classification system for ASDz following lumbar fusion.
MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of 65 consecutive patients who had undergone both a lumbar fusion performed by a single surgeon and a subsequent procedure for ASDz. We established an etiology-based classification system for lumbar ASDz with the following six categories: “degenerative” (degenerative disc disease or spondylosis), “neurologic” (disc herniation, stenosis), “instability” (spondylolisthesis, rotatory subluxation), “deformity” (scoliosis, kyphosis), “complex” (fracture, infection), or “combined.” Based on this scheme, we determined the rate of ASDz in each etiologic category.
ResultsOf the 65 patients, 27 (41.5%) underwent surgery for neurogenic claudication or radiculopathy for adjacent-level stenosis or disc herniation and were classified as “neurologic.” Ten patients (15.4%) had progressive degenerative disc pathology at the adjacent level and were classified as “degenerative.” Ten patients (15.4%) had spondylolisthesis or instability and were classified as “instability,” and three patients (4.6%) required revision surgery for adjacent-level kyphosis or scoliosis and were classified as “deformity.” Fifteen patients (23.1%) had multiple diagnoses that included a combination of categories and were classified as “combined.”
ConclusionThis is the first study to propose an etiology-based classification scheme of ASDz following lumbar spine fusion. This simple classification system may allow for the grouping and standardization of patients with similar pathologies and thus for more specific pre-operative diagnoses, personalized treatments, and improved outcome analyses.
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