全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1527篇 |
免费 | 92篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 31篇 |
儿科学 | 104篇 |
妇产科学 | 31篇 |
基础医学 | 233篇 |
口腔科学 | 20篇 |
临床医学 | 114篇 |
内科学 | 288篇 |
皮肤病学 | 19篇 |
神经病学 | 155篇 |
特种医学 | 44篇 |
外科学 | 154篇 |
综合类 | 18篇 |
一般理论 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 170篇 |
眼科学 | 23篇 |
药学 | 128篇 |
中国医学 | 3篇 |
肿瘤学 | 89篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 15篇 |
2022年 | 24篇 |
2021年 | 65篇 |
2020年 | 46篇 |
2019年 | 44篇 |
2018年 | 62篇 |
2017年 | 42篇 |
2016年 | 52篇 |
2015年 | 45篇 |
2014年 | 58篇 |
2013年 | 93篇 |
2012年 | 131篇 |
2011年 | 112篇 |
2010年 | 76篇 |
2009年 | 55篇 |
2008年 | 104篇 |
2007年 | 93篇 |
2006年 | 77篇 |
2005年 | 72篇 |
2004年 | 76篇 |
2003年 | 62篇 |
2002年 | 67篇 |
2001年 | 9篇 |
2000年 | 13篇 |
1999年 | 13篇 |
1998年 | 11篇 |
1997年 | 10篇 |
1996年 | 6篇 |
1995年 | 8篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 4篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1991年 | 15篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1625条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
31.
Macht M Gerlich C Ellgring H Schradi M Rusiñol AB Crespo M Prats A Viemerö V Lankinen A Bitti PE Candini L Spliethoff-Kamminga N de Vreugd J Simons G Pasqualini MS Thompson SB Taba P Krikmann U Kanarik E 《Patient education and counseling》2007,65(2):245-252
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a newly developed education programme for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. METHODS: The programme consisted of eight sessions and aimed at improving knowledge and skills related to self-monitoring, health promotion, stress management, depression, anxiety, social competence, and social support, all with special reference to PD. The programme was formatively evaluated in seven European countries (Spain, Finland, Italy, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Estonia, Germany) with 151 patients diagnosed with idiopathic PD. The evaluation included patients' ratings of the comprehensibility and feasibility of the programme as well as mood ratings before and after each session. Patients also completed questionnaires at the beginning and end of the programme to explore possible changes in disease-related psychosocial problems, quality of life, and depression. RESULTS: The programme was feasible to run, and patients were able to understand its elements. Patients reported mood elevations following individual sessions and reduced disease-related psychosocial problems after completing the programme. There were no substantial differences in results between cultures. CONCLUSION: Patient education appears to have potential as a useful and feasible intervention, complementing medical treatment in PD. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The present programme will soon be available in seven European languages and can be tested in different health care systems. 相似文献
32.
Marianne Torkko Nina Katajavuori Anu Linna Anne Mari Juppo 《Journal of pharmaceutical innovation》2014,9(3):175-182
Purpose
The overall aim of this study was to investigate the significance of quality key performance indicators (KPIs) and how comprehensively they are used in the pharmaceutical industry. A specific aim was to find which KPIs were relevant to personnel from the perspective of their own work responsibilities. A further aim was to determine which factors motivate personnel enough to respond to improve KPIs.Methods
Qualitative theme interviews of ten staff from one case company were conducted to study the impact of KPIs. Interview data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and reductive analysis.Results
Personnel considered deviations in manufacturing and packaging to be the most important quality KPI when they considered their own work responsibilities. The quality indicators data were utilized quite efficiently, for example, in complaint and deviation handling processes, and they provided useful information for corrective and preventive actions (CAPA)-reporting. The most important factors that motivated supervisors, managers, and experts regarding KPIs were those that affected interviewees own particular work responsibilities, the cooperation within the operators own departments, and the cooperation between different departments. The interviewees opined that the production bonus was the most important motivational factor for production operators to improve upon quality indicator performance.Conclusions
Quality indicator feedback data were utilized widely by the case company and were considered to be a useful tool to guide personnel in ensuring or potentially improving the quality of operations. 相似文献33.
Ademola Olusegun Talabi Amarachukwu Chiduziem Etonyeaku Oludayo Adedapo Sowande Samuel Anu Olowookere Olusanya Adejuyigbe 《Pediatric surgery international》2014,30(11):1121-1127
Purpose
Childhood typhoid ileal perforation is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to ascertain the predictors of survival in children.Materials and methods
This is a tertiary hospital-based retrospective review of patients aged ≤15 years managed for typhoid ileal perforations between January 2005 and December 2013. The details of their biodata, potential risk factors and outcome were evaluated.Results
Forty-five children out of a total of 97 with typhoid fever had typhoid ileal perforation. The age range was 2–15 years, mean (±SD) = 9.3 (±3.31) years, median = 10 years. There were more males than females (26:19). Thirty-nine (86.7 %) patients were >5 years old. There were nine deaths (20 % mortality). The mean (±SD) age of survivors was 9.8 (±2.9) years and 7.1 (±4.2) for non-survivors (p = 0.026). The duration of illness at presentation, gender, admission temperature, nutritional status and packed cell volume, perforation-operation interval, number of perforations, surgical procedure, and the duration of surgery did not statistically influence survival (p > 0.05). The age of the patients and burst abdomen attained statistical significance (p < 0.05).Conclusion
The patients’ age and postoperative burst abdomen were significant determinants of survival in children with typhoid ileal perforation. 相似文献34.
35.
Laura Pirkola Reijo Laatikainen Jussi Loponen Sanna-Maria Hongisto Markku Hillil? Anu Nuora Baoru Yang Kaisa M Linderborg Riitta Freese 《World journal of gastroenterology : WJG》2018,(11)
AIM To compare the effects of regular vs low-FODMAP rye bread on irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) symptoms and to study gastrointestinal conditions with Smart Pill?.METHODS Our aim was to evaluate if rye bread low in FODMAPs would cause reduced hydrogen excretion,lower intraluminal pressure,higher colonic p H,different transit times,and fewer IBS symptoms than regular rye bread.The study was a randomized,double-blind,controlled cross-over meal study.Female IBS patients(n = 7) ate study breads at three consecutive meals during one day.The diet was similar for both study periods except for the FODMAP content of the bread consumed during the study day.Intraluminal p H,transit time,and pressure were measured by Smart Pill,an indigestible motility capsule.RESULTS Hydrogen excretion(a marker of colonic fermentation) expressed as area under the curve(AUC)(0-630 min) was [median(range)] 6300(1785-10800) ppm?min for low-FODMAP rye bread and 10 635(4215-13080) ppm?min for regular bread(P = 0.028).Mean scores of gastrointestinal symptoms showed no statistically significant differences but suggested less flatulence after low-FODMAP bread consumption(P = 0.063).Intraluminal pressure correlated significantly with total symptom score after regular rye bread(ρ = 0.786,P = 0.036) and nearly significantly after lowFODMAP bread consumption(ρ = 0.75,P = 0.052).We found no differences in p H,pressure,or transit times between the breads.Gastric residence of Smart Pill was slower than expected.Smart Pill left the stomach in less than 5 h only during one measurement(out of 14 measurements in total) and therefore did not follow on par with the rye bread bolus.CONCLUSION Low-FODMAP rye bread reduced colonic fermentation vs regular rye bread.No difference was found in median values of intraluminal conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. 相似文献
36.
Eili Huhtamo Essi Hasu Nathalie Y. Uzcátegui Elina Erra Simo Nikkari Anu Kantele Olli Vapalahti Heli Piiparinen 《Journal of clinical virology》2010,47(1):49-53
BackgroundThe increased traveling to dengue endemic regions and the numerous epidemics have led to a rise in imported dengue. The laboratory diagnosis of acute dengue requires several types of tests and often paired samples are needed for obtaining reliable results. Although several diagnostic methods are available, proper comparative data on their performance are lacking.ObjectivesTo compare the performance of novel methods including a novel pan-DENV real-time RT-PCR and a commercially available NS1 capture-EIA in regard to IgM detection for optimizing the early diagnosis of DENV in travelers.Study designA panel of 99 selected early phase serum samples of dengue patients was studied by real-time RT-PCR, NS1 antigen ELISA, IgM-EIA, IgG-IFA and cell culture virus isolation.ResultsThe novel real-time RT-PCR was shown specific and sensitive for detection of DENV-1-4 RNA and suitable for diagnostic use. The diagnostic rate using combination of RNA and IgM detection was 99% and using NS1 and IgM detection 95.9%. The results of RNA and NS1 antigen detection disagreed in 15.5% of samples that had only RNA or NS1 antigen detected.ConclusionsThe diagnostic rates of early samples are higher when either RNA or NS1 antigen detection is combined with IgM detection. Besides the differences in the RNA and NS1 detection assays, the observed discrepancy of results could suggest individual variation or differences in timing of these markers in patient serum. 相似文献
37.
Riikka Juntunen Aino Liukko Antti Taivainen Ale Nrvnen Guillaume Durand Anu Kauppinen Anssi Nieminen Marja Rytknen-Nissinen Soili Saarelainen Bernard Maillre Tuomas Virtanen Tuure Kinnunen 《Molecular immunology》2009,46(16):3320-3327
We have previously proposed that mammalian lipocalin allergens are recognized suboptimally by the human immune system due to their homology with endogenous lipocalins. Here, we have characterized in detail the human T cell recognition of one of the previously identified T cell epitopes of the major dog allergen Can f 1, contained in peptide p105–120. A panel of peptide analogues (altered peptide ligands, APLs) of p105–120 was tested on two specific T cell clones restricted by different human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Interestingly, we identified for both of the clones several heteroclitic APLs that were capable of stimulating them at 10–30-fold lower concentrations than the natural peptide. Moreover, one of the heteroclitic APLs identified with the T cell clones, L115F, was observed to induce a stronger polyclonal T cell response than the natural allergen peptide from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of six Can f 1-allergic subjects studied. The heteroclitic APLs bound with the same affinity as p105–120 to common HLA-DR- and HLA-DP-alleles, suggesting that their improved stimulatory capacity is attributable to a more efficient T cell receptor (TCR) recognition rather than increased HLA binding. Collectively, our data suggest that p105–120 is recognized suboptimally by human T cells. This may contribute to the allergenicity of Can f 1. 相似文献
38.
Anke T?njes Eleftheria Zeggini Peter Kovacs Yvonne B?ttcher Dorit Schleinitz Kerstin Dietrich Andrew P Morris Beate Enigk Nigel W Rayner Moritz Koriath Markus Eszlinger Anu Kemppinen Inga Prokopenko Katrin Hoffmann Daniel Teupser Joachim Thiery Knut Krohn Mark I McCarthy Michael Stumvoll 《European journal of human genetics : EJHG》2010,18(1):104-110
The association between common variants in the FTO gene with weight, adiposity and body mass index (BMI) has now been widely replicated. Although the causal variant has yet to be identified, it most likely maps within a 47 kb region of intron 1 of FTO. We performed a genome-wide association study in the Sorbian population and evaluated the relationships between FTO variants and BMI and fat mass in this isolate of Slavonic origin resident in Germany. In a sample of 948 Sorbs, we could replicate the earlier reported associations of intron 1 SNPs with BMI (eg, P-value=0.003, β=0.02 for rs8050136). However, using genome-wide association data, we also detected a second independent signal mapping to a region in intron 2/3 about 40–60 kb away from the originally reported SNPs (eg, for rs17818902 association with BMI P-value=0.0006, β=−0.03 and with fat mass P-value=0.0018, β=−0.079). Both signals remain independently associated in the conditioned analyses. In conclusion, we extend the evidence that FTO variants are associated with BMI by putatively identifying a second susceptibility allele independent of that described earlier. Although further statistical analysis of these findings is hampered by the finite size of the Sorbian isolate, these findings should encourage other groups to seek alternative susceptibility variants within FTO (and other established susceptibility loci) using the opportunities afforded by analyses in populations with divergent mutational and/or demographic histories. 相似文献
39.
Kantele A Savilahti E Tiimonen H Iikkanen K Autio S Kantele JM 《European journal of immunology》2003,33(12):3275-3283
In contrast to T cells, information on skin-homing B cells expressing the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) is sparse. CLA expression on human B cells was investigated among circulating immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) and among antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) elicited by parenteral, oral or rectal primary immunization, or by parenteral or oral secondary immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a. CLA expression was examined by combining cell sorting with an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Among all ISC, the proportion of CLA(+) cells was 13-21%. Parenteral immunization induced antigen-specific ASC of which 13% were CLA(+), while oral and rectal immunizations were followed by only 1% of CLA(+) ASC (p<0.001). Oral re-immunization was followed by an up-regulation of CLA (34-48%) regardless of the route of priming. Parenteral re-immunization elicited ASC of which 9-14% were CLA(+). In conclusion, the expression of CLA on human effector B cells depends on the site of antigen encounter: intestinal stimulation elicits cells with no CLA, while parenteral encounter elicits significant numbers of CLA(+) cells. Even though primary antigen encounter in the intestine failed to stimulate CLA expression, up-regulation of CLA was found upon intestinal antigen re-encounter. These findings may be of relevance in the pathogenesis of some cutaneous disorders. 相似文献
40.
Activation of innate immunity system during aging: NF-kB signaling is the molecular culprit of inflamm-aging 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Salminen A Huuskonen J Ojala J Kauppinen A Kaarniranta K Suuronen T 《Ageing research reviews》2008,7(2):83-105
Innate and adaptive immunity are the major defence mechanisms of higher organisms against inherent and environmental threats. Innate immunity is present already in unicellular organisms but evolution has added novel adaptive immune mechanisms to the defence armament. Interestingly, during aging, adaptive immunity significantly declines, a phenomenon called immunosenescence, whereas innate immunity seems to be activated which induces a characteristic pro-inflammatory profile. This process is called inflamm-aging. The recognition and signaling mechanisms involved in innate immunity have been conserved during evolution. The master regulator of the innate immunity is the NF-kB system, an ancient signaling pathway found in both insects and vertebrates. The NF-kB system is in the nodal point linking together the pathogenic assault signals and cellular danger signals and then organizing the cellular resistance. Recent studies have revealed that SIRT1 (Sir2 homolog) and FoxO (DAF-16), the key regulators of aging in budding yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans models, regulate the efficiency of NF-kB signaling and the level of inflammatory responses. We will review the role of innate immunity signaling in the aging process and examine the function of NF-kB system in the organization of defence mechanisms and in addition, its interactions with the protein products of several gerontogenes. Our conclusion is that NF-kB signaling seems to be the culprit of inflamm-aging, since this signaling system integrates the intracellular regulation of immune responses in both aging and age-related diseases. 相似文献