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Ann-Kristin L?hmann Thomas Henze Thomas Thurn-Albrecht 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2014,111(49):17368-17372
Crystallization is almost always initiated at an interface to a solid. This observation is classically explained by the assumption of a reduced barrier for crystal nucleation at the interface. However, an interface can also induce crystallization by prefreezing (i.e., the formation of a crystalline layer that is already stable above the bulk melting temperature). We present an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based in situ observation of a prefreezing process at the interface of a polymeric model system and a crystalline solid. Explicitly, we show an interfacial ordered layer that forms well above the bulk melting temperature with thickness that increases on approaching melt–solid coexistence. Below the melting temperature, the ordered layer initiates crystal growth into the bulk, leading to an oriented, homogeneous semicrystalline structure.The fundamental process of crystallization from the liquid or gaseous state is of importance in many areas of condensed matter physics and materials science. In practice, crystallization is, in most cases, initiated at an interface to a solid. Crystal growth on solid substrates from the gaseous state has been studied in depth, and detailed understanding of different growth modes as well as interfacial thermodynamics has been achieved (1–3). Much less experimental data are available for crystallization occurring at the interface from the solid to the melt. Generally, crystallization can be initiated at the solid–melt interface by two processes: heterogeneous nucleation or formation of a crystalline wetting layer (so-called prefreezing) (4–6). In terms of thermodynamics, these processes are very different. Whereas nucleation takes place under nonequilibrium conditions at finite supercooling below the melting temperature Tm of the bulk material, the formation of a wetting layer is an equilibrium phenomenon taking place above Tm (4). It is often assumed that heterogeneous nucleation is the more relevant process (7), but in simulations, nucleation as well as prefreezing have been shown to occur (4, 8). Prefreezing is expected for strongly attractive surfaces or epitaxial systems for which the lattices of the substrate and the crystallizing materials match well (9–12). In the case of polymers, prefreezing can also manifest itself in the conformational degrees of freedom, leading to an interfacial layer with nematic order, which was recently shown in simulations (13). Because of the difficult accessibility of the buried interface between a melt and a solid, direct observation of crystallization of molecular systems at the interface is lacking, and there is only limited, indirect evidence that, in some cases, prefreezing at the solid interface exists (e.g., for the growth of aluminum crystals on TiB2 particles) (14, 15). Recently, it has been suggested that prefreezing also plays a role during epitaxial crystallization in some polymeric systems (16). It is well-known, however, that one or sometimes several ordered layers of organic molecules can form on suitable substrates at temperatures above the bulk melting point, which was observed for, for example, alkanes or similar molecules on graphite by scanning tunneling microscopy (17), atomic force microscopy (AFM) (18–20), or scattering methods (21, 22; review in ref. 23). A related but more special phenomenon is surface freezing of liquids (22). In some liquids, an ordered monolayer forms at the free surface in a finite temperature range above the bulk melting temperature [e.g., alkanes (24), alkylated side chain polymers (25), and AuSi alloys (26)]. It is an open question, however, which exact role all of these structures play for the initiation of crystal growth (27) and in most cases, the temperature range around melt–solid coexistence, where crystallization starts has not been studied in detail. Only for colloidal model systems has crystallization by prefreezing been directly observed (28) and studied in simulations (8, 10, 11).We here present direct AFM observations of an ordered wetting layer at the interface to a solid close to coexistence of the solid and the liquid phases of a polymeric model system. We show evidence for a temperature-dependent thickness of the wetting layer and its disappearance at a prewetting transition at finite superheating above Tm. Our observations are in line with a divergence of the layer thickness at the bulk melting temperature as expected for complete wetting. Below Tm, crystal growth into the film is initiated by the interfacial layer. 相似文献
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Atherosclerosis of conduit epicardial arteries is the principal culprit behind the complications of coronary heart disease, but a growing body of literature indicates that the coronary microcirculation also contributes substantially to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. An understanding of mechanisms regulating microvascular function in humans is an essential foundation for understanding the role in disease, especially since these regulatory mechanisms vary substantially across species and vascular beds. In fact all subjects whose coronary tissue was used in the studies described have medical conditions that warrant cardiac surgery, thus relevance to the normal human must be inferential and is based on tissue from subjects without known arteriosclerotic disease. This review will focus on recent advances in the physiological and pathological mechanisms of coronary microcirculatory control, describing a robust plasticity in maintaining endothelial control over dilation, including mechanisms that are most relevant to the human heart. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Coronary Blood Flow". 相似文献
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Cristina Menni Eric Fauman Idil Erte John R.B. Perry Gabi Kastenmüller So-Youn Shin Ann-Kristin Petersen Craig Hyde Maria Psatha Kirsten J. Ward Wei Yuan Mike Milburn Colin N.A. Palmer Timothy M. Frayling Jeff Trimmer Jordana T. Bell Christian Gieger Rob P. Mohney Mary Julia Brosnan Karsten Suhre Nicole Soranzo Tim D. Spector 《Diabetes》2013,62(12):4270-4276
Using a nontargeted metabolomics approach of 447 fasting plasma metabolites, we searched for novel molecular markers that arise before and after hyperglycemia in a large population-based cohort of 2,204 females (115 type 2 diabetic [T2D] case subjects, 192 individuals with impaired fasting glucose [IFG], and 1,897 control subjects) from TwinsUK. Forty-two metabolites from three major fuel sources (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) were found to significantly correlate with T2D after adjusting for multiple testing; of these, 22 were previously reported as associated with T2D or insulin resistance. Fourteen metabolites were found to be associated with IFG. Among the metabolites identified, the branched-chain keto-acid metabolite 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate was the strongest predictive biomarker for IFG after glucose (odds ratio [OR] 1.65 [95% CI 1.39–1.95], P = 8.46 × 10−9) and was moderately heritable (h2 = 0.20). The association was replicated in an independent population (n = 720, OR 1.68 [ 1.34–2.11], P = 6.52 × 10−6) and validated in 189 twins with urine metabolomics taken at the same time as plasma (OR 1.87 [1.27–2.75], P = 1 × 10−3). Results confirm an important role for catabolism of branched-chain amino acids in T2D and IFG. In conclusion, this T2D-IFG biomarker study has surveyed the broadest panel of nontargeted metabolites to date, revealing both novel and known associated metabolites and providing potential novel targets for clinical prediction and a deeper understanding of causal mechanisms.Currently, stratification of individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) within the general population is based on well-established factors such as age, BMI, and fasting glucose (1). Although these factors contribute considerably to disease risk, they may not identify at-risk individuals before the disease process is well under way.Recently, a number of studies have found several metabolites to be correlated with insulin resistance and T2D (2–6), and T2D-associated metabolic profiles have been identified 10–15 years before the diagnosis/onset of the disease (7–9). To help preventive strategies, and maximize the potential for existing effective interventions, it is important to characterize the molecular changes that take place in the development of T2D.We aim to understand other biochemical changes, in addition to hyperglycemia, that take place at the onset of T2D using the largest metabolomic screening approach to date. We assessed >400 metabolites to determine which metabolomic profiles are correlated with T2D and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in a large cohort of females from TwinsUK with independent replication. 相似文献
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Oncological,functional and perioperative outcomes in transplant patients after radical prostatectomy
Burkhard Beyer Philipp Mandel Uwe Michl Raisa S. Pompe Valia Veleva Thomas Steuber Hartwig Huland Markus Graefen Derya Tilki 《World journal of urology》2016,34(8):1101-1105