Morphological and quantitative study of spirochetes in the feces of normal and infected SPF pigs during the incubation period of swine dysentery.

Spirochetes found in feces of normal and infected pigs during the eight days preceding the onset of the clinical signs of swine dysentery have been studied using electron and phase contrast microscopy. According to their dimensions, diameter, length and pitch, three morphological groups have been described: small, intermediate and large spirochetes. On the basis of their axial filaments arrangement, eight types have been observed. Compared to the control pigs, there was no increase in the total number of spirochetes in infected pigs, except at day 6 before the onset of clinical signs. However, infected pigs have shown a wide spectrum of different morphological types of spirochetes in comparison to control, uninfected pigs, which showed only the type "1-2-1" spirochete of axial filaments arrangement. This last type was predominant in infected swine during the entire incubation period as compared to other spirochete types described.     

Phenotypic differences in survival to an experimental acute carbon monoxide intoxication

Male and female 45-day-old mice of two inbred (CBA and C57B1) and of one outbred (OF₁), SPF (specific pathogen free), strains, LD_12:12 (L = 150 lx) synchronized, were submitted to an acute carbon monoxide challenge giving an overall survival close to 50%. Under these conditions significantly (P < 0.001) less CBA survived than the two other strains. A sex-related significant (P < 0.001 difference was observed in OF₁. Strain survival differences are independent of body weights and of respiratory and displacement activity, but appear to be related to behavior reactions towards environmental stresses. These phenotypic differences are similar to previous findings obtained with these three strains of mice submitted to a 50% survival acute hypoxic hypoxia (M. Stupfel, A. Perramon, P. Merat, J. M. Faure, and H. Masse, 1979, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 64A, 317–323).     

Cancer chemotherapy in the elderly: a series of 51 patients aged>70 years

Summary A total of 2,238 new cancer patients were treated in our institution in 1988; among the 423 (18.9%) who were>70 years old, 51 underwent chemotherapy. The median age was 75.8 years, and the Karnofsky performance status (KPS) was 70% for 40 patients. Malignancies were hematopoietic in 24 cases (47%) and digestive in 15 patients (29%), and 12 subjects (24%) had other types of cancers. The first chemotherapy course was given at the full dose to 23/51 (45.1%) patients. The drug dose was reduced for 28/51 (54.9%) patients, due in 25 cases to the subjects being>70 years old. Neither age, KPS, pretreatment assessment, nor cancer extent was correlated with the modifications made to the first cycle. An overall toxicity of grade 3+4 (WHO grading scale) was noted in 10 subjects (19.6%). Although these elderly patients were probably selected, analysis of their charts did not evidence an increase in chemotherapy toxicity, regardless of the dose they received.Presented at the EORTC Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Group Meeting, Bordeaux, November 1990     

Light and Electron Microscopic Localization of the Neutral Metalloendopeptidase EC 3.4.24.16 in the Mesencephalon of the Rat

The topographic and cellular distribution of the neurotensin-hydrolysing neutral metalloendopeptidase 24.16 (EC 3.4.24.16) was examined by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry in adult rat mesencephalon. Light microscopic immunoradioautography revealed a ubiquitous distribution of the enzyme throughout the midbrain with a relative enrichment of grey matter areas including the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, interfascicular nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, rostral and caudal linear raphe nuclei, central grey and superficial grey of the superior colliculus. Peroxidase - antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry revealed two distinct cellular patterns of immunostaining: (1) weakly labelled neuronal perikarya more or less uniformly distributed throughout the grey matter, and (2) intensely immunoreactive glial cells heterogeneously distributed across the mesencephalon. Areas exhibiting dense concentrations of endopeptidase 24.16-containing glial cells corresponded to those displaying enhanced immunoreactivity in immunoradioautographs, suggesting that a major proportion of brain endopeptidase 24.16 is associated with glia. Electron microscopic examination of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area confirmed the association of the enzyme with a subpopulation of neurons and allowed identification of labelled glial cells as protoplasmic astrocytes. In neurons, endopeptidase 24.16 immunoreactivity was distributed heterogeneously within the cytoplasm of perikarya, dendrites and axons. Reaction product was also characteristically associated with restricted zones of the plasma membrane and underlying neuroplasm. In astrocytes, endopeptidase 24.16 immunostaining was densely and uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of cell bodies and processes. Many of these processes were in direct contact with endopeptidase 24.16-immunopositive neuronal elements. The present results demonstrate that within the midbrain, endopeptidase 24.16 is both intracytoplasmic and membrane-associated in neurons and predominantly intracytoplasmic in glia. The presence of a large number of immunostained elements within areas of the midbrain known to display high levels of neurotensin and/or neurotensin receptors, together with the demonstrated catabolic activity of the enzyme on neurotensin in vitro, is consistent with a role of endopeptidase 24.16 in the functional inactivation of endogenous neurotensin in this region of the brain.     

Are Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I Prone to Premature Death?

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN-I) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by endocrinopathies involving the anterior pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, and pancreas. The long-term prognosis for patients affected with this disorder is uncertain. To better characterize this prognosis, we performed a retrospective review of all patients with MEN-I treated at a single institution during the period 1951–1997. A group of 233 patients served as the study population. Their records were analyzed for confirmation of diagnosis, treatments received, long-term survival, and cause of death. Altogether, 108 eight male patients (46%) and 125 female patients (54%) were identified. At the conclusion of the study, 164 (70%) were alive and 69 (30%) were deceased, with a median follow-up for patients alive at last contact of 13.4 years (range < 1 month to 54.3 years). The cause of death was reliably obtained in 60 patients. Of these patients, 17 (28%) died of causes related to MEN-I, most commonly metastatic islet cell tumors (10 patients). The remaining patients died of causes unrelated to MEN-I, most commonly coronary artery disease and nonendocrine malignancies (14% each). The overall 20-year survival of MEN-I patients was 64% (95% CI was 56–72%), and that of an age- and gender-matched upper Midwest population was 81% (p < 0.001). Patients with MEN-I appear to be at increased risk of premature death. Earlier diagnosis and treatment of potentially malignant pancreatic islet cell neoplasms may result in a decrease of this premature mortality.     

Spiral twist of the spermatic cord: a reliable sign of testicular torsion

Background. Colour Doppler sonography (CDS) has become the procedure of choice in evaluating testicular perfusion but false negative findings have been reported. Objective. To determine if direct visualisation of the twisted spermatic cord using high resolution US is a reliable sign to assess testicular torsion. Material and methods. Thirty patients (aged 2–26 years) with equivocal diagnosis of testicular torsion prospectively underwent high resolution and CDS. The results were correlated with surgical findings. Serial transverse and longitudinal scans were performed to compare the scrotal contents on each side and study the complete spermatic cord course, from inguinal canal to testis, to detect a spiral twist. Results. In 14 of the 23 cases of torsion, the diagnosis was based on the colour Doppler findings in the scrotum because blood flow was absent in the symptomatic testis and detectable without difficulty on the normal side. In nine cases, CDS was unreliable; in six cases intratesticular perfusion was present in a twisted testis and in three small boys, no colour signal was obtained in either testis. In all cases of torsion, the spiral twist of spermatic cord was detected at the external inguinal ring. The twist induced an abrupt change in spermatic cord course, size and shape below the point of torsion. It appeared in the scrotum as a round or oval, homogeneous or heterogeneous extratesticular mass with or without blood flow, that could be connected cephalad with the normal inguinal cord. In the other seven cases (three late torsions of the appendix testis, one epididymo-orchitis and three torsions with spontaneous reduction), no spiral twist was detectable. Conclusion. The detection of spermatic cord spiral twist appears a reliable US sign of torsion whatever the testicular consequences. Received: 1 December 1997 Accepted: 17 June 1998     

The Economic Value of Childhood Varicella Vaccination in France and Germany

OBJECTIVE: To determine the economic impact of childhood varicella vaccination in France and Germany. METHODS: A common methodology based on the use of a varicella transmission model was used for the two countries. Cost data (2002 per thousand) were derived from two previous studies. The analysis focused on a routine vaccination program for which three different coverage rates (CRs) were considered (90%, 70%, and 45%). Catch-up strategies were also analyzed. A societal perspective including both direct and indirect costs and a third-party payer perspective were considered (Social Security in France and Sickness Funds in Germany). RESULTS: A routine vaccination program has a clear positive impact on varicella-related morbidity in both countries. With a 90% CR, the number of varicella-related deaths was reduced by 87% in Germany and by 84% in France. In addition, with a CR of 90%, routine varicella vaccination induces savings in both countries from both societal (Germany 61%, France 60%) and third-party payer perspectives (Germany 51%, France 6.7%). For lower CRs, routine vaccination remains cost saving from a third-party payer perspective in Germany but not in France, where it is nevertheless cost-effective (cost per life-year gained of 6521 per thousand in the base case with a 45% CR). CONCLUSION: Considering the impact of vaccination on varicella morbidity and costs, a routine varicella vaccination program appears to be cost saving in Germany and France from both a societal and a third-party payer perspective. For France, routine varicella vaccination remains cost-effective in worst cases when a third-party payer perspective is adopted. Catch-up programs provide additional savings.     

Effects of visual attentional load on auditory processing

Auditory evoked potentials were recorded while participants attended to visually presented digits. The difficulty of the visual task was manipulated by requiring participants to process only the current digit (0-back) or both the current and the preceding digit (1-back). Tones deviating in frequency from standard tones elicited a frontal mismatch negativity peaking around 200 ms which did not vary with visual task. However, decreasing the visual task load enhanced a right-temporal positive wave peaking around 200 ms when tones were presented slowly, and a frontocentral negative wave peaking around 450 ms when tones were presented more rapidly. The degree to which task-irrelevant sounds are processed therefore depends on the degree to which a visual task engages attentional resources.