Peritonitis – the Eastern experience

Peritonitis is a common emergency encountered by surgeons the world over. This paper aims to provide an overview of the spectrum of peritonitis seen in the East. Studies dealing with the overall spectrum of secondary peritonitis in various countries of this region were identified using Pubmed and Google. These were analyzed for the site and cause of perforation and the mortality. It was observed that perforation of duodenal ulcers was the most the commonly encountered perforations. These are followed by small bowel and appendicular perforations. Colonic perforations were uncommon. The overall mortality ranges between 6–27%.     

Anxiety in medically III patients

Anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms are highly prevalent in the general population and more so in the medically ill. They have a number of negative consequences for these patients and may worsen the outcome of the medical illness and increase health care utilization. In the evaluation of these patients, it is of paramount importance to identify the etiology of the anxiety and, in particular, to differentiate primary from secondary anxiety. Management includes medications (especially benzodiazepines and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and psychotherapy (particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy).     

Changing scenario of therapeutic apheresis in India in the last 14 years.

There has been a remarkable change in the scenario of therapeutic apheresis in the last 14 years in India. The crude method of manual removal of blood followed by separation of plasma by gravity, keeping it in the bottle for a long time, has now been totally replaced by plasmapheresis, centrifugation, membrane filtration, and immunoadsorption techniques. The indications for use have also changed from a list of limited indications in the beginning to include all immune complex disorders. The clinical beneficiaries have also increased from blood bankers to nephrologists and immunologists in addition to oncologists. Efforts are now underway with the help of the Indian Society for Apheresis (founded in 1985) to popularize the newer methods of cryofiltration, photopheresis and heparin extracorporeal low-density lipoprotein (HELP) and DALI apheresis systems besides the specialized techniques of immunoadsorption using filters, columns, or ligands. This is suggestive of a positive trend for the treatment of immune complex disorders.     

Neonatal renal failure due to obstructive candidal bezoars

Acute renal failure (ARF) developed in a 7-week-old infant due to bilateral candidal bezoars (fungal balls) causing obstruction at the pelviureteric junction. The baby was born at term with an appropriate birthweight, and had been treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics for respiratory distress and septicemia during the 1st week of life. Recovery from ARF followed renal decompression with bilateral nephrostomy tube placement and parenteral administration of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine. Received August 21, 1996; received in revised form and accepted January 3, 1997     

Fetal antigen retained by mature neurons and ependyma studied with a monoclonal antibody (6B9)

A mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb 6B9, isotype IgM) was raised against autopsy tissue samples from the central nervous system (CNS) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. By immunofluorescence microscopy, MAb 6B9 intensely stains most or all cells in fetal rats. However, MAb 6B9 differentially stains various cell types in adult rats. Neurons, ependymal cells, and adrenal chromaffin cells are stained intensely, whereas astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are not stained. The 6B9-reactive antigen (6B9 antigen) is sensitive to periodic acid, but insensitive to treatment with protease, RNase, or hyaluronidase. Results from immunofluorescence microscopy on semithin sections and cultured neuroblastoma cells indicate that 6B9 antigen is intracellular. This is supported by immunoelectron microscopy, where labeling for 6B9 antigen appears in the cytoplasm distinct from any identifiable organelle. Further studies on 6B9 antigen should reveal its chemical nature as well as the significance of developmental changes in its distribution.     

Development of oral liquid dosage forms of acetazolamide

Two oral liquid dosage forms of acetazolamide have been developed. Using the solubility profiles, polyethylene glycol 400 (7%, v/v) was used as the solubilizing agent and propylene glycol (53%, v/v) as the cosolvent to keep acetazolamide in solution. Because of the bitter taste of acetazolamide, sweetening agents (simple syrup, sorbitol solution, and artificial sweeteners) and flavors (raspberry, sweet, and menthol) were added to the final formulations. A buffer (either phosphate or citrate) solution was used to maintain a pH value of 4 (pH of maximum stability as reported earlier) to minimize hydrolysis. The final dosage forms were stable for at least 90 days at 37 degrees C (loss of potency of 5%). According to FDA guidelines, a tentative expiry date of 2 years at 25 degrees C is justifiable.