应用模拟低剂量法行新生儿头颅CT扫描

Objective To determine the effects of dose reduction on multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) of neonatal head and assess the lowest possible radiation for acceptable clinical images.Methods Fifty-seven newborns suspected intracranial hemorrhage were entered into the study and underwent MSCT scans.Original images at three anatomic levels (posterior fossa, basal ganglia, centrum semiovale) were collected and synthetic noise was added so as to simulate dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, respectively by using the noise addition tool.A total of 855 image data sets were obtained for the 57 patients.Original and simulated dose-reduction scan images were analyzed.Image noise and image quality were assessed by two independent experienced pediatric radiologists using diagnostic acceptability score, subjective image noise score on a 5-peint scale and objective noise index.Image noise was measured by respectively placing region of interest (ROI) at cerebellum, thalamus and corona radiata of 3 different slices.And the noise index and mean value was calculated.The degree of inter-observer concordance was determined by Kappa statistical analysis.The Spearman statistical correlations between the noise index and diagnostic acceptability score were performed.Results On the images of original dose and simulated dose reductions of 25%, 40%, 50% and 70%, the diagnostic acceptability was 4.47±0.51, 3.96±0.33, 3.21±0.45, 2.92±0.32, and 1.85±0.57, respectively,the subjective image scores were 1.62±0.48, 1.99±0.48, 2.76±0.81, 3.19±0.67, and 4.27±0.54, respectively, the noise index were 1.90±0.19, 2.17±0.20.2.44± 0.25, 2.68±0.28, and 3.37±0.39, respectively.The two radiologists had good intembserver agreement for diagnostic acceptability (K=0.860, P=0.017) and for image noise scoff ng (K=0.630, P=0.022).There was significant statistical correlation between image noise index and diagnostic acceptability (r= 0.826,P=0.001).At 40% dose reduction to the standard protocol, the noise index was 2.44 and the image quality score was 3.21 which were considered clinically acceptable.Conclusion The study revealed that acceptable imagos could be obtained with mean noise index of 2.44 and 40% dose reduction.     

基层医院成批大面积烧伤救治体会

目的探讨基层医院成批、大面积烧伤病人的救治的方法和措施，提高基层医院烧伤救治水平，降低死亡率。方法总结新疆南疆地区7批43例成批大面积烧伤患者的救治经验和体会。结果7批43例病人中治愈31例，治愈率72．01％。结论只要治疗方法得当，基层大面积成批烧伤病人的救治，仍可以取得满意的效果。     

围手术期镇痛在骨科手术中的新进展

骨科手术后疼痛不仅给患者带来诸多的不利影响,而且直接影响术后早期康复和活动。有效的围手术期疼痛处理包括术前、术中及术后3个阶段的个体化多模式镇痛,其目的是作用于疼痛产生的多个平面、立体化多方面镇痛,强化镇痛效果,减少单一药物的用量和不良反应。本文就骨科围术期个体化多模式镇痛概念、疼痛的评估方式、各种常用的治疗方式的新进展进行了综述。     

肝脏硬度直接测定对肝硬化病理变化程度评估的价值

目的探讨肝脏硬度直接测定对乙肝后肝硬化病理变化程度评估的价值。方法采用邵氏硬度计直接测定因肝脏外科疾病而手术的113例病人的肝脏硬度。据肝脏硬度值(liver stiffness value,LSV)的分布范围将肝脏硬度分为Ⅰ级(LSV:2～6 HC)、Ⅱ级(LSV:7～11 HC)和Ⅲ级(LSV:12～16 HC)。对其中76例乙肝相关的肝癌病人及门静脉高压症病人肝硬化程度以Laennec分级标准进行分级,分析肝脏硬度值与肝硬化病理分级之间的相关性。结果肝脏硬度值与肝硬化病理分级之间存在相关性(r=0.693,P0.05),肝脏硬度值评估轻度、中度和重度肝硬化的AUC分别为0.91、0.81和0.80。结论肝脏硬度值与肝硬化病理改变程度之间呈明显正相关性,肝脏硬度值可以作为判断肝硬化病理程度的有效指标。     

胸腔镜下双孔法治疗后纵隔肿瘤20例

目的探讨胸腔镜下双孔法治疗后纵隔肿瘤的可行性。方法取健侧卧位前倾30°,于患侧腋中线第6肋间做1 cm长切口为胸腔镜观察孔,腋前线第3/4肋间做一3 cm长操作切口。经操作口置入电凝钩及吸引器,切开纵隔肿瘤外膜后使用圆头吸引器于包膜内钝性分离并完整切除肿瘤。结果手术均顺利完成,无中转开胸。平均手术时间46.5 min（35～78 min）,平均术中出血量65.5 ml（30～110 ml）,术后胸腔引流时间平均2.5 d（1～4 d）,术后平均住院4.5 d（3～7 d）。术后病理：神经纤维瘤8例,神经鞘瘤4例,畸胎瘤3例,支气管囊肿2例,淋巴结结核2例,脂肪瘤1例。20例随访6～12个月,无复发。结论胸腔镜下双孔法治疗后纵隔肿瘤安全可行。     

64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像定位像CT值与管电流关系的研究

Objective To characterize the association between the mean CT value on a scout view and the dependent mA selection method, and to evaluate the clinical value of a mA selection method based on scout view mean CT value in obtaining individualized scan protocol and consistent image quality for patient population on 64-row MSCT CT coronary angiography (CTCA).Methods One hundred patients (group A) underwent CCTA consecutively using standard protocol with a fixed mA.The mean CT value of a fixed ROI (region of interest) from the scout AP view and the CTCA image noise (standard deviation on the root of ascending aorta) were measured.The correlation between CT values and noise was studied establish a formula and a list to determine the required mA for obtaining a consistent CTCA image noise based on the measured SV CT value.Another 100 patients (group B) were scanned using the same parameters as group A except the mA and the CT value was also measured.The mA was determined by the list established previously.The CTCA image quality (IQ) as well as the image noise (IN) and the effective dose (ED) from the two groups were statistically analyzed using t-test.The CT findings for the 32 patients in the group B were also compared with the selective coronary angiography (SCA) results.The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of CCTA for detection of significant stenosis were obtained.Results The formula between the required mA and the CT value was : XmA=FmA×[(K1×CTscout + C1)/INa]2.The CCTA images in B group had statistically higher IN (27.66±2.57,22.22±4.17,t=11.33, P=0.000), but no statistical difference between IQ scores for the two groups (3.29±0.66,3.37±0.67,t=0.009, P=0.990), and ED[(8.72±2.51) versus (12.53±0.90) mSv]was 30% lower for the B group (P<0.01).For the 32 patients in the B group who had SCA, the CCTA sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and stenosis detection accuracy were 94.92% (56/59), 92.13% (82/89) ,88.89% (56/63) ,96.47% (82/85) and 93.24% (138/148) wspectively for stenosis greater than 50%.Conclusion The mA selection method based on the SV CT value for CCTA in 64-row MSCT provides individualized protocol to obtain consistent image quality and to optimize dose delivery to patients.     

腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流五例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流治疗恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疽临床应用价值。方法 5例不能手术切除恶性梗阻性黄疸病人,其中3例胰头癌,2例壶腹部癌,均采用腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流术治疗。术后7~10d复查病人血生化指标。结果穿刺成功率为100%;术后7~10d总胆红素平均下降95.8μmol/L;未出现出血、胆汁性腹膜炎、胆漏等并发症。结论此方法创伤小,并发症少,操作简单,引流可靠有效,是晚期恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疸较好的引流方法。     

微创经皮肾取石术联合体外震波碎石治疗肾鹿角状结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾取石术(minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL)联合体外震波碎石(extracoporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL)治疗肾鹿角状结石的临床疗效。方法 2005年1月~2009年1月,采用MPCNL联合ESWL治疗30例肾鹿角状结石,术中采用钬激光碎石,平均功率45 W,术后ESWL单次冲击次数200~1200次。结果 30例采用单通道取石。手术时间42~180 min,平均72 min。未出现出血、气胸、肠道损伤等手术并发症。ESWL后复查KUB平片,27例结石清除;3例结石残留(结石长径0.7~1.0 cm,平均0.8 cm)口服药物及观察治疗,其中2例结石排除干净,1例结石长径约0.6 cm残留在肾脏,未引起肾脏积水。27例术后随诊3个月复查KUB和IVU无异常。结论 MPCNL联合ESWL治疗较大肾鹿角状结石具有高效、安全的特点,值得临床推广应用。     

多囊卵巢综合征性激素水平检测

目的：探讨血清性激素各项检测指标与不同年龄段的多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）患者的关系及其临床意义。方法：以月经周期正常的健康妇女为对照组,采用化学发光法测定30岁以下年龄组和30岁及以上年龄组PCOS患者促黄体生成素（LH）、促卵泡生成素（FSH）、泌乳素（PRL）、雌二醇（E2）、睾酮（TESTO）、孕酮（Prog）水平,通过统计学软件进行比较分析。结果：多囊卵巢综合征患者,30岁以下年龄组和30岁及以上年龄组LH高于对照组（P〈0．01）,E2高于对照组（P〈0．05）,TESTO高于对照组（P〈0．01）。30岁以下PCOS患者组和30岁及以上PCOS患者组各检测指标之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：血清中LH,E2高水平及TESTO增高可能是多囊卵巢综合征的预示因子,高LH、高E2、高雄激素血症可能是引起PCOS发生的因素之     

自噬在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用

自噬是哺乳动物细胞降解和回收生物大分子及细胞器,为适应环境和进化的一种基本过程.在心脏生理状态下,自噬维持低水平保持心脏正常功能.在心肌缺血/再灌注时,自噬快速增加,但其分子机制以及作用尚不清楚.现就自噬在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中的分子机制与作用作一综述.