羟基磷灰石晶体纤维增强磷酸钙骨水泥力学性能及生物相容性研究

目的将高长径比的羟基磷灰石(HA)晶体纤维添加入磷酸钙骨水泥(CPC)中,研究HA晶体纤维对CPC抗压力学性能增强的最佳配方及在体内的生物相容性。方法采用水热合成法制备高长径比HA晶体纤维,并验证其细胞毒安全性。将2.5%、5%及10%(wt%)HA晶体纤维添加入CPC中,分析并获取HA晶体纤维对CPC力学性能增强的最佳配方。使用最佳配方制备CPC+HA晶体纤维复合材料,植入大鼠胫骨近端骨缺损模型,4、8周组织学观察HA晶体纤维添加入CPC的成骨性能及生物相容性。对照组为单纯CPC实验组。结果成功制备高长径比HA晶体纤维,其细胞毒安全性为1级(RGR79%)。与对照组相比,2.5%及5%HA晶体纤维添加入CPC可以增强材料的抗压力学性能(P<0.05),其中5%HA晶体纤维对CPC抗压性能的增强效果最佳,10%HA晶体纤维略降低CPC的抗压性能,但无统计学差异(P>0.05)。大鼠体内研究结果显示:与对照组相比,5%HA晶体纤维添加入CPC复合材料植入后材料周围骨体积分数(BV/TV)无显著性差异(P>0.05),HA晶体纤维添加入CPC后材料周围成骨与材料接触好,生物相容性良好。结论水热合成法制备的HA晶体纤维作为添加剂,具有增强CPC抗压力学性能,减低CPC脆性,生物相容性良好的特点,可用作骨植入生物材料的添加剂。     

慢性踝关节外侧不稳定的治疗

目的 回顾慢性踝关节外侧不稳定的治疗,对其结果进行分析和评价.方法 74例患者,其中男43例,女31例;年龄15～63岁,平均39岁.患者至少有半年以上的病史,有两次以上的反复扭伤史.所有患者均行6周以上的保守治疗.41例患者行手术治疗,改良的Brostrom术12例,Myerson法8例,Chrisman-Snook法21例.对其他并发的病理问题需同时处:其中腓骨肌腱滑脱加固术6例,跟腱挛缩延长术9例,跟内翻截骨外移术8例,距骨骨软骨损伤清理打孔13例.结果 本组74例患者,通过术前的保守治疗,21例功能性不稳定的患者症状缓解,53例合并功能性不稳定和机械性不稳定的患者中,10例症状缓解,2例不愿意手术治疗,41例行手术治疗.手术治疗的患者在术后的随访中,有随访资料的39例;33例未手术的患者中,有随访资料的28例.共随访6～91个月,采用Roos功能结果评分法进行结果评判.术后踝关节功能评分的平均值为86.24,保守治疗的患者踝关节功能评分的平均值为97.34.结论 本组74例患者,通过术前的保守治疗,21例功能性不稳定的患者症状缓解,53例合并功能性不稳定和机械性不稳定的患者中,10例症状缓解,2例不愿意手术治疗,41例行手术治疗.手术治疗的患者在术后的随访中,有随访资料的39例;33例未手术的患者中,有随访资料的28例.共随访6～91个月,采用Roos功能结果评分法进行结果评判.术后踝关节功能评分的平均值为86.24,保守治疗的患者踝关节功能评分的平均值为97.34.     

慢性踝关节外侧不稳定的治疗

目的 回顾慢性踝关节外侧不稳定的治疗,对其结果进行分析和评价.方法 74例患者,其中男43例,女31例;年龄15～63岁,平均39岁.患者至少有半年以上的病史,有两次以上的反复扭伤史.所有患者均行6周以上的保守治疗.41例患者行手术治疗,改良的Brostrom术12例,Myerson法8例,Chrisman-Snook法21例.对其他并发的病理问题需同时处:其中腓骨肌腱滑脱加固术6例,跟腱挛缩延长术9例,跟内翻截骨外移术8例,距骨骨软骨损伤清理打孔13例.结果 本组74例患者,通过术前的保守治疗,21例功能性不稳定的患者症状缓解,53例合并功能性不稳定和机械性不稳定的患者中,10例症状缓解,2例不愿意手术治疗,41例行手术治疗.手术治疗的患者在术后的随访中,有随访资料的39例;33例未手术的患者中,有随访资料的28例.共随访6～91个月,采用Roos功能结果评分法进行结果评判.术后踝关节功能评分的平均值为86.24,保守治疗的患者踝关节功能评分的平均值为97.34.结论 本组74例患者,通过术前的保守治疗,21例功能性不稳定的患者症状缓解,53例合并功能性不稳定和机械性不稳定的患者中,10例症状缓解,2例不愿意手术治疗,41例行手术治疗.手术治疗的患者在术后的随访中,有随访资料的39例;33例未手术的患者中,有随访资料的28例.共随访6～91个月,采用Roos功能结果评分法进行结果评判.术后踝关节功能评分的平均值为86.24,保守治疗的患者踝关节功能评分的平均值为97.34.     

复杂中足损伤的临床治疗

Objective To evaluate the features and key points of clinical treatment of the complex midfoot injury retrospectively.Methods Twenty-two cases of complex midfoot injury were admitted to our hospital from June 2003 to June 2008, including 8 cases of open fracture and 5 cases of complicated soft tissue defects.Thirteen were emergency cases and the other 9 chronic ones were referred from other hospitals.In the emergency cases, only 1 underwent arthrodesis of the navicular and middle and lateral cuneiform and the others had reduction and internal fixation.In the referred cases, 2 received talar-navicular arthrodesis, 3 Lisfranc arthrndesis (accompanied by distal hallux amputation in 1), 1 navicular-cuneiform arthrudesis and 1 Chopart arthrndesis, 1 medial column amputation and 1 lateral column reconstruction.In the cases of soft tissue defects, 4 underwent free serratus anterior transfer, and 1 had transfer of distally-based sural fas-eio-cutaneous flap.The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scoring was used to evaluate the results.Results All the patients were followed up for 5 to 44 (average, 17.5) months.The main sequelae of the emergency cases were pain after long time waking, which was relieved following local injection of steroid and NIADs in 2 cases.Of the referred cases, pain and fatigue after walking were reported in 2, callus and pain under the 4th and 5th metatarsal heads in 2, and the whole foot rigidity and atrophy of the intrinsic muscle with severe pain while walking in 1.The case of medial column amputation developed medial arch collapse and valgus of hind foot.The mean AOFAS score for the emergency cases was 80.3± 8.7 and for the chronic ones was 60.1±16.3.Conclusion For complex midfoot injury, good results can only be obtained by early operation, anatomic reduction and stable fixation on the basis of enough understanding of the functional anatomy and traumatic pathology.     

自体半腱肌肌腱微创重建踝关节外侧韧带的中期随访研究

目的观察应用自体半腱肌肌腱微创重建踝关节外侧韧带的长期临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年9月至2012年6月采用自体半腱肌肌腱微创手术治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳的58例患者资料,其中男34例,女24例,平均年龄32.4岁（17~62岁）。踝关节初次扭伤至接受手术的时间6~38月,平均17.3个月。本组患者均由同一手术组医师采用相同的微创手术方法,重建距腓前韧带及跟腓韧带。记录患者的手术时间、发热天数、伤口愈合时间。患者术前术后均按照美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝关节评分标准,VAS评分分别评估手术前后疗效、供区功能影响状况和患者满意度。结果本组患者手术时间75~98 min,平均（85.5±11.5）min,术后发热天数1.5~4 d,平均（2.5±1.2）d,46例获得随访。随访时间25~86个月,平均（58.5±7.4）个月。末次随访时平均AOFAS踝与后足评分,术前（62.3±8.2）分,术后（95.1±7.5）分,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。6例患者行走在不平的地面上有残余的不稳定。3例患者平地行走仍有残余不稳定。所有患者无膝部肌腱供区功能障碍。术后AOFAS评分31例患者为优,9例为良。术后应力位摄片距骨倾斜角平均由14°减少到3.7°（P〈0.01）,距骨前移距离平均由12.4 mm减少到4.5 mm（P〈0.01）。结论使用自体半腱肌肌腱微创重建踝关节外侧韧带手术简便,手术时间短,术后发热时间短,无排斥反应。自体肌腱愈合康复过程快,手术疗效好。     

踝关节内侧韧带损伤及其病理机制初探

目的 探讨踝关节内韧带损伤后内侧不稳定的病理机制.方法 患者15例,男8例,女7例;年龄22～58岁,平均40岁.其中踝关节急性扭伤患者2例,踝关节慢性损伤3例,先天性平足3例,胫后肌腱失能5例,旋前外旋骨折1例,陈旧性的内踝撕脱骨折1例.所有患者均行三角韧带修补术,同时行跟骨延长术8例,内侧楔骨闭合截骨5例,跟骨截骨内移术1例.全部患者术后随访7～56个月,运用美国足踝外科协会(America Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝-后足功能评分进行评估,统计学分析采用t检验.结果 1例踝关节急性骨折患者,由于术前无法评分,不放在统计分析内.其余14例患者术前评分为(42.4±10.6)分,术后评分(89.8±6.2)分(P＜0.05).结论 三角韧带是一个重要的解剖结构,在以下几种情况下须注意其修复:(1)三角韧带损伤范围较广,涉及前部的胫弹簧韧带和胫舟韧带.(2)先天性的平足以及获得性的胫后肌腱失能患者.(3)以往有经常的踝关节扭伤,有外侧韧带的损伤,此次发生了伴有内侧韧带损伤的骨折.     

复杂中足损伤的临床治疗

Objective To evaluate the features and key points of clinical treatment of the complex midfoot injury retrospectively.Methods Twenty-two cases of complex midfoot injury were admitted to our hospital from June 2003 to June 2008, including 8 cases of open fracture and 5 cases of complicated soft tissue defects.Thirteen were emergency cases and the other 9 chronic ones were referred from other hospitals.In the emergency cases, only 1 underwent arthrodesis of the navicular and middle and lateral cuneiform and the others had reduction and internal fixation.In the referred cases, 2 received talar-navicular arthrodesis, 3 Lisfranc arthrndesis (accompanied by distal hallux amputation in 1), 1 navicular-cuneiform arthrudesis and 1 Chopart arthrndesis, 1 medial column amputation and 1 lateral column reconstruction.In the cases of soft tissue defects, 4 underwent free serratus anterior transfer, and 1 had transfer of distally-based sural fas-eio-cutaneous flap.The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scoring was used to evaluate the results.Results All the patients were followed up for 5 to 44 (average, 17.5) months.The main sequelae of the emergency cases were pain after long time waking, which was relieved following local injection of steroid and NIADs in 2 cases.Of the referred cases, pain and fatigue after walking were reported in 2, callus and pain under the 4th and 5th metatarsal heads in 2, and the whole foot rigidity and atrophy of the intrinsic muscle with severe pain while walking in 1.The case of medial column amputation developed medial arch collapse and valgus of hind foot.The mean AOFAS score for the emergency cases was 80.3± 8.7 and for the chronic ones was 60.1±16.3.Conclusion For complex midfoot injury, good results can only be obtained by early operation, anatomic reduction and stable fixation on the basis of enough understanding of the functional anatomy and traumatic pathology.     

慢性踝关节外侧不稳定的治疗

目的 回顾慢性踝关节外侧不稳定的治疗,对其结果进行分析和评价.方法 74例患者,其中男43例,女31例;年龄15～63岁,平均39岁.患者至少有半年以上的病史,有两次以上的反复扭伤史.所有患者均行6周以上的保守治疗.41例患者行手术治疗,改良的Brostrom术12例,Myerson法8例,Chrisman-Snook法21例.对其他并发的病理问题需同时处:其中腓骨肌腱滑脱加固术6例,跟腱挛缩延长术9例,跟内翻截骨外移术8例,距骨骨软骨损伤清理打孔13例.结果 本组74例患者,通过术前的保守治疗,21例功能性不稳定的患者症状缓解,53例合并功能性不稳定和机械性不稳定的患者中,10例症状缓解,2例不愿意手术治疗,41例行手术治疗.手术治疗的患者在术后的随访中,有随访资料的39例;33例未手术的患者中,有随访资料的28例.共随访6～91个月,采用Roos功能结果评分法进行结果评判.术后踝关节功能评分的平均值为86.24,保守治疗的患者踝关节功能评分的平均值为97.34.结论 本组74例患者,通过术前的保守治疗,21例功能性不稳定的患者症状缓解,53例合并功能性不稳定和机械性不稳定的患者中,10例症状缓解,2例不愿意手术治疗,41例行手术治疗.手术治疗的患者在术后的随访中,有随访资料的39例;33例未手术的患者中,有随访资料的28例.共随访6～91个月,采用Roos功能结果评分法进行结果评判.术后踝关节功能评分的平均值为86.24,保守治疗的患者踝关节功能评分的平均值为97.34.     

距腓前韧带本体感受器分布研究

目的 测定距腓前韧带(ATFL)及周围组织的本体感受器数量及分布情况,由此推断本体感受器在踝关节运动中发挥的作用.方法 选取10例新鲜尸体踝关节ATFL(年龄25～65岁,平均48.1岁),将韧带分为三段(近、中、远)并切成20 μm厚的切片,采用免疫组织化学方法对标本进行染色并观察,将观察到的本体感受器进行分类和计数.结果 ATFL及周围组织均存在本体感受器,Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型本体感受器数量显著多于Ⅰ型本体感受器(P<0.001),韧带各部分间的本体感受器数量无明显差异(P>0.05).结论 ATFl,本体感受器以Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型小体为主,Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型本体感受器与运动觉和过度活动觉密切相关,其数量较多与踝关节维持稳定、避免关节活动过度有关.     

踝关节本体感受器损伤与慢性踝关节不稳定关系的初步研究

目的 从新鲜尸体和踝关节不稳患者手术中所切取的韧带周围组织入手,分析踝关节周围本体感受器的性质和分布,并进一步与临床病例的生物力学、本体感觉功能检验结果相比较,判断和分析本体感受器受损在功能性踝关节不稳定中的作用.方法18例踝关节不稳患者行韧带重建手术.术前、术后分别行功能评分[美国骨科足踝医师协会(AOFAS)评分],平衡系统评价其本体感觉功能.从2例新鲜冰冻尸体踝关节韧带组织和手术中获取韧带组织标本,应用组织学方法和免疫组化染色观察分析感觉小体的结构特征和分布特点.结果 (1)标本发现Ⅰ型小体、Ⅱ型小体和Ⅳ型游离无神经鞘的神经末梢;这些感受器主要分布于韧带的浅层和近骨附着部.(2)患者重心摆动距离术前、术后睁眼与闭眼检测差异均有统计学意义;患者AOFAS评分手术前后差异有统计学意义.结论(1)踝关节不稳患者本体感觉功能受损,病史越长,症状越严重,功能评分越低,其本体感受受损越严重.(2)韧带感受器受损,与踝关节不稳症状相关联,韧带重建是避免感受器反复损伤的有效方法.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the effect of ankle joint proprioceptor injury on the functional ankle instability. Methods The study enrolled 18 ( 13 males) with chronic ankle instability treated with ligament reconstruction operation. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgeons (AOFAS)score was used for evaluation of the function before and after operation and the balance system evaluate the proprioception function. The two ankle ligament specimens from fresh frozen body and the tissue samples from operation were used for investigation of the structure and distribution of the sensory corpuscles by using histology and immunohistoehemical staining. Results The sections were evaluated with a microscope and an image analyzer. Labeled nerve endings were mapped, measured and categorized. Type Ⅰ ( Ruffini-like ending) , type Ⅱ ( Pacinin-like corpuscle ) and type Ⅳ- (noncorpuscular) nerve endings could be identified in all the lateral ankle ligaments, with majority of types Ⅰ and Ⅱ nerve endings.These receptors were distributed primarily over the superficial ligament and near the bony attachments.There was statistical difference between preoperative and postoperative sway distance as well as between preoperative and postoperative AOFAS score. Conclusions This study suggests that the longer history,severer symptoms and lower AOFAS score may lead to the severer injury of the mechanical proprioceptors.The proprioceptor injury is correlated with ankle joint instability and the ligament reconstruction is effective to avoid the repeated injury of the proprioceptor.