Chronic Kidney Disease Awareness Among Individuals with Clinical Markers of Kidney Dysfunction

Summary

Background and objectives

Awareness of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among providers and patients is low. Whether clinical cues prompt recognition of CKD is unknown. We examined whether markers of kidney disease that should trigger CKD recognition among providers are associated with higher individual CKD awareness.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

CKD awareness was assessed in 1852 adults with an estimated GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m² using 1999 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. CKD awareness was a “yes” answer to “Have you ever been told you have weak or failing kidneys?” Participants were grouped by distribution of the following abnormal markers of CKD: hyperkalemia, acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, elevated blood urea nitrogen, anemia, albuminuria, and uncontrolled hypertension. Odds of CKD awareness associated with each abnormal marker and groupings of markers were estimated by multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Among individuals with kidney disease, only those with albuminuria had greater odds of CKD awareness (adjusted odds ratio, 4.0, P < 0.01) than those without. Odds of CKD awareness increased with each additional manifested clinical marker of CKD (adjusted odds ratio, 1.3, P = 0.05). Nonetheless, 90% of individuals with two to four markers of CKD and 84% of individuals with ≥5 markers of CKD were unaware of their disease.

Conclusions

Although individuals who manifest many markers of kidney dysfunction are more likely to be aware of their CKD, their CKD awareness remains low. A better understanding of mechanisms of awareness is required to facilitate earlier detection of CKD and implement therapy to minimize associated complications.     

罕见遗传性出血性疾病诊断与治疗中国专家共识(2021年版)

一、概述在遗传性凝血因子缺乏症中,缺乏凝血因子Ⅷ、Ⅸ的血友病A及血友病B相对常见,与血管性血友病(VWD)构成了95%~97%的遗传性出血性疾病,目前已有独立的血友病及VWD相关中国专家共识/指南[1-2]。本共识所指的罕见遗传性出血性疾病(Rare inherited bleeding disorders,RBD)包括遗传性纤维蛋白原缺乏症(FⅠD)、凝血酶原缺乏症(FⅡD)、凝血因子Ⅴ缺乏症(FⅤD)、凝血因子Ⅴ和Ⅷ联合缺乏症(FⅤ+ⅧD)、凝血因子Ⅶ缺乏症(FⅦD)、凝血因子Ⅹ缺乏症(FⅩD)、凝血因子Ⅺ缺乏症(FⅪD)、凝血因子??缺乏症(F??D)及维生素K依赖性凝血因子缺乏症(VKDFD)。     

螺旋CT肝脏双期扫描及门静脉血管三维重建在小肝癌诊断的临床应用

目的 探讨螺旋CT肝脏双期扫描及门静脉血管三维重建在小肝癌诊断中临床应用价值。方法 25例直径≤3cm小肝癌行螺旋CT肝脏双期扫描及门静脉血管三维重建。三维重建方法采用最大强度投影(MIP)。结果 (1)CT平扫,18例病灶呈低密度,7例病灶呈等密度。肝动脉期,25例病灶强化呈高密度,强化类型分为均匀一致性,斑点状及环状强化。门静脉期25例病灶均呈低密度。(2)门静脉血管MIP三维重建能较好显示小肝癌病灶与肝内门静脉血管关系,肝内门静脉血管分支于病灶处稀少,部分中断或被轻度推移,肿瘤内无门静脉分支血管。结论 螺旋CT肝脏双期扫描及门静脉血管三维重建是诊断和评价小肝癌的有效方法,提高了小肝癌的检出率及诊断正确率,可较好显示病灶与门静脉的关系,为其外科手术提供导向。     

双时相门冬胰岛素30每日1次对2型糖尿病患者的疗效和安全性

目的 评价2型糖尿病患者每日1次应用双时相门冬胰岛素30治疗的有效性和安全性.方法 本研究为多中心、开放性、自身对照的临床观察性研究.2008年9月至2009年6月选取未接受降糖治疗或既往口服降糖药治疗血糖控制效果欠佳的2型糖尿病患者621例,平均年龄（56±11）岁,平均糖尿病病程（4.4±4.2）年（0～30年）,平均体重指数（25.5±2.9）kg/m2,平均糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）8.5%±1.2%.使用每日1次双时相门冬胰岛素30,起始剂量和最终剂量分别为（0.16±0.05）U/kg、（0.20±0.07）U/kg.联合口服药治疗12周后评价其有效性和安全性,并探索不同基线因素对于疗效的影响.结果 治疗12周后,HbA1c下降了1.8%±1.1%.HbA1c＜6.5%的患者占30.8%,HbA1c＜7%的患者占65.5%.空腹血糖和餐后血糖均显著下降,8时点血糖平均值下降了（3.8±2.3）mmol/L.分别按基线糖尿病病程、HbA1c、注射时间和体重指数分层的分析结果显示,HbA1c达标率随着糖尿病病程的延长和HbA1c的升高而降低.在双时相门冬胰岛索30治疗中,非重度低血糖事件每年每例患者的发生率为1.83次.仅有1例（0.2%）患者发生1次重度（夜间）低血糖事件.患者治疗后体重较治疗前显著降低（P=0.0053）.结论 在未使用降糖治疗或已用口服降糖药但血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者中,双时相门冬胰岛素30每日1次治疗作为胰岛素起始方案,可安全有效地降低血糖水平,尤其适用于HbA1c水平轻至中度升高,病程相对较短的患者.     

Study of peripheral blood thrombocytes in smokers

Total circulating platelet count and thrombocytogram were examined in 60 tobacco smokers and in 30 nonsmoking normal subjects aged 23-32. The smokers were divided into two subgroups, 30 subjects in each: Group 1 included those with a history of smoking under 5 years and Group 2 those smoking for 5 years and Group 2 those smoking for 6-10 years. The platelet count was found increased in Group 1 smokers at the expense of old, atypical, and involutional forms. In Group 2 smokers the total platelet count and the counts of their differentiation forms were reduced. This evidences the effect of tobacco smoking on circulating platelets, this effect depending on the length of tobacco smoke inhalation.     

Cognitive impairment,physical disability and depressive symptoms in older diabetic patients: the Fremantle Cognition in Diabetes Study

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the prevalence of dementia, depression and/or disability in older diabetic subjects warrants an active screening approach by diabetes health care workers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The initial 223 members of a cohort of 529 eligible diabetic subjects, aged 70 years or over, were screened for cognitive impairment (using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE)), physical impairments and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Virtually all subjects were community-dwelling (99%) and mobile (86%) and relatively few had moderate or severe deficits in activities of daily living (ADL) (17.5%). The prevalences of cognitive impairment and probable dementia estimated from the screening tests were high (range 10.8-17.5%) compared with population studies. Any deficit with ADL was reported by 53% of the subjects and common problems included urinary and faecal incontinence. Scores consistent with clinical depression were reported by 14.2% of the sample but 50.2% of the remainder reported one or more depressive symptoms below the cut-off point for clinical depression. Only 36% of the study subjects were free of deficits in any domain. CONCLUSIONS: Community-living older diabetic subjects have high rates of cognitive impairment, deficits in physical function and depressive symptomatology suggesting that screening programs for functional impairments and depression may be beneficial in health care systems that manage older diabetic patients.     

小鼠骨髓基质细胞的生物学特性及血管新生能力

目的 探讨体外培养的骨髓基质细胞的一些生物学特性及体内移植后在缺血区新血管生成中的作用。方法分离5—6周龄的小鼠胫骨、股骨，用预冷的DMEM／F12培养基冲洗出骨髓，经密度梯度离心分离出骨髓单个核细胞，接种后12～16d形成单层贴壁的成纤维样细胞。体外诱导分化鉴定分离的细胞，用传代的细胞进行生长曲线测定，观察其接种贴壁率、分裂指数，检测细胞周期和超微结构，并建立下肢缺血模型。荧光标记的体外扩增的骨髓单个核细胞被移植入缺血组织。移植后2周，荧光显微镜及内皮细胞碱性磷酸酶染色，检查荧光阳性细胞与染色阳性细胞的时空关系。结果体外传代培养的单个核细胞倍增时间约为42h。传代10h贴壁率达90％以上。分裂指数曲线与生长曲线相似。细胞周期显示约83％的细胞处于G1期。结论 体外培养的骨髓基质细胞生长稳定，传代后的细胞适应性强，增殖较快，表现出较早期细胞特点，在体外及移植入体内缺血区能分化为血管内皮细胞，有望用于改善组织缺血。     

Development of radiographic changes of osteoarthritis in the "Chingford knee" reflects progression of disease or non-standardised positioning of the joint rather than incident disease

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the extent to which the "Chingford knee" (that is, contralateral knee of the middle aged, obese, female patient with unilateral knee osteoarthritis (OA)) is a high risk radiographically normal joint as opposed to a knee in which radiographic changes of OA would have been apparent in a more extensive radiographic examination. METHODS: Subjects were 180 obese women, aged 45-64 years, with unilateral knee OA, based on the standing anteroposterior (AP) view. Subjects underwent a series of radiographic knee examinations: semiflexed AP, supine lateral, and Hughston (patellofemoral (PF)) views. Bony changes of OA were graded by consensus of two readers. Medial tibiofemoral joint space width was measured by digital image analysis. Knee pain was assessed by the WOMAC OA Index after washout of all OA pain drugs. RESULTS: Despite the absence of evidence of knee OA in the standing AP radiograph, only 32 knees (18%) were radiographically normal in all other views. Ninety four knees (52%) exhibited TF knee OA in the semiflexed AP and/or lateral view. PF OA was seen in 121 knees (67%). Subjects with PF OA reported more severe knee pain than those without PF OA (mean WOMAC scores 9.9 v 8.3, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The Chingford knee is not a radiographically normal joint. The high rate of incidence of OA reported previously for this knee ( approximately 50% within two years) may also reflect progression of existing OA or changes in radioanatomical positioning at follow up that showed evidence of stable disease that was present at baseline.