What is mechanical back pain and how best to treat it?

Back pain is one of the most common patient complaints brought forth to physicians. Mechanical back pain accounts for 97% of cases, arising from spinal structures such as bone, ligaments, discs, joints, nerves, and meninges. Acute back pain in the absence of progressive neurologic deficits and other underlying nonmechanical causes may be treated conservatively, with specific emphasis on maintaining activity levels and function. Mechanical back pain persisting for more than 4 to 6 weeks may warrant further diagnostic testing and imaging. Common causes of mechanical back pain include spinal stenosis, herniated discs, zygapophysial joint pain, discogenic pain, vertebral fractures, sacroiliac joint pain, and myofascial pain. A wide variety of treatments are available, with different treatments specifically targeted toward different causes. A balanced approach, which takes into account patient psychosocial factors and incorporates multidisciplinary care, increases the likelihood of success from back pain interventions.     

Violence against doctors: 1. A study of violence against doctors in accident and emergency departments.

The risk of violence directed at health care professionals in their working environment has aroused widespread concern in recent years. Clinical areas most associated with violence are accident and emergency departments, psychiatry, and general practice. Surveyed physicians reported rates of violence against them to vary from 54% to 79%. Violence, however, is difficult to quantify and there is wide variation between the severity of incidents recorded by different workers. This study was an attempt to measure the incidence and the severity of violence against doctors in accident and emergency departments in Kuwait. Eighty-seven (86%) out of 101 of our doctors reported having experienced verbal insults or imminent threat of violence; in addition, 28% had also experienced physical attacks, and 7% had experienced physical assaults likely to have caused serious or fatal injury. Similarly, out of a total of 781 violent incidents reported by our doctors, 73 involved physical attacks, and eight involved physical assaults likely to have caused serious or fatal injury.     

Adults' perceived prevalence of enteric fever predicts laboratory-validated incidence of typhoid fever in children

This study was undertaken to develop a model to predict the incidence of typhoid in children based on adults' perception of prevalence of enteric fever in the wider community. Typhoid cases among children, aged 5-15 years, from epidemic regions in five Asian countries were confirmed with a positive Salmonella Typhi culture of the blood sample. Estimates of the prevalence of enteric fever were obtained from random samples of adults in the same study sites. Regression models were used for establishing the prediction equation. The percentages of enteric fever reported by adults and cases of typhoid incidence per 100,000, detected through blood culture were 4.7 and 24.18 for Viet Nam, 3.8 and 29.20 for China, 26.3 and 180.33 for Indonesia, 66.0 and 454.15 for India, and 52.7 and 407.18 for Pakistan respectively. An established prediction equation was: incidence of typhoid (1/100,000= -2.6946 + 7.2296 x reported prevalence of enteric fever (%) (F=31.7, p<0.01; R2=0.992). Using adults' perception of prevalence of disease as the basis for estimating its incidence in children provides a cost-effective behavioural epidemiologic method to facilitate prevention and control of the disease.