Association of low caregiver health literacy with reported use of nonstandardized dosing instruments and lack of knowledge of weight-based dosing.

OBJECTIVE: Caregivers of young children frequently measure doses of liquid medications incorrectly. Use of nonstandardized dosing instruments and lack of knowledge that dosing is weight-based contribute to dosing errors. We sought to assess whether low caregiver health literacy was associated with these outcomes. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of caregivers presenting to an urban pediatric emergency room. Dependent variables were caregiver reported use of nonstandardized dosing tools and knowledge of weight-based dosing. The independent variable was caregiver health literacy (Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults [TOFHLA]). RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-two caregivers were assessed: 23.3% reported use of nonstandardized liquid dosing instruments, and 67.8% were unaware of weight-based dosing. Caregivers who were unaware of weight-based dosing were more likely to use nonstandardized dosing tools (28.3% vs 12.8%; P = .003). In unadjusted analyses, overall health literacy, reading comprehension, and numeracy were all associated with both dependent variables. In analyses adjusting for child age, health care experiences, and caregiver acculturation and education, inadequate/marginal overall health literacy was associated with lack of knowledge of weight-based dosing (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.3; P = .03), whereas lower reading comprehension was associated with both lack of knowledge (AOR 2.0; P = .03) and reported use of nonstandardized instrument (AOR 2.4; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: Low health literacy, in particular reading comprehension, was associated with reported use of nonstandardized dosing instruments and lack of knowledge regarding weight-based dosing. Both caregiver health literacy and sociodemographic factors should be considered in the design of interventions to prevent medication administration errors.     

血清sIL—2r表达水平与脓毒血症的严重程度及预后的关系

目的：探讨脓毒血症患者血清中可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ２ｒ）的表达水平以及与该病严重程度及预后的关系。方法：采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫分析法检测２９例脓毒血症患者血清ｓＩＬ２ｒ表达水平的动态变化，并以３０例正常人作为对照；用ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分方法对脓毒血症患者进行疾病严重度评分。结果：①脓毒血症患者血清ｓＩＬ２ｒ表达水平较正常人明显升高（Ｐ＜００１）；②脓毒血症患者中死亡者与存活者的血清ｓＩＬ２ｒ表达水平比较，感染初期及晚期死亡者明显高于存活者（Ｐ＜００５）；③以本组患者感染ｄ１的ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ评分的中位数１６为分界点，将患者分为２组，２组的血清ｓＩＬ２ｒ水平有显著差别（Ｐ＜００５）。结论：脓毒血症患者血清ｓＩＬ２ｒ表达水平明显升高；该指标与脓毒血症患者的疾病的严重程度及预后有密切的关系。此项指标的检测对判断脓毒血症患者的病情严重度及预后可能有重要意义     

麻醉机呼吸环路碱石灰尘埃污染的情况

目的：观察通气时碱石灰尘埃向呼吸环路中的排放及被呼吸道阻留的情况。方法：麻醉机环路连接集尘袋及筛装新碱石灰。ＪＴ库尔特颗粒计数仪动态测定排尘量。其颗粒测量范围为１～１２５μｍ３，通气１０分后测定呼吸环路加集尘袋内的尘埃量即为总尘量，收取称干重得尘埃分散度。通过对Ｎａｒ－ｃｏｍｅｄ、Ｄｒａｇｅｒ、Ｓｕｌａｒ８０８和１０３麻醉机行上述测量后，另以前者（Ｎ机）为例，其环路按相应处理分干燥、湿化和过滤三组，志愿者模拟通气１０分测定环路含尘量后与总尘量差得气管肺的阻留量。结果：四种麻醉机环路内碱石灰尘埃的分散度达１３ｍｇ／ｍ３以上。尘埃排放量与通气时间呈正比（ｒ＝０．９５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｎ机干燥组中总排尘量的半数以上被气管肺阻留。湿化组该阻留量明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０５），而过滤组环路内总排尘量和气管肺阻流量下降更为显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：使用新碱石灰通气时，麻醉机环路内存在严重的尘埃污染，环路内湿化有一定的防尘作用，但以滤过处理效佳。     

In vitro evaluation of ablation parameters of normal and fibrous aorta using smooth excimer laser coronary angioplasty

A modified exeimer laser energy delivery system was used to irradiate 100 segments of normal and fibrous aorta in vitro. The laser beam was scanned into 8 fiber bundles consisting of 50 fibers each resulting in a reduction of the applied pulse energy. The total repetition rate was increased to 150 Hz in order to keep the repetition rate per fiber bundle close to 20 Hz and to minimize thermal injury. The results demonstrate that effective ablation (etch rate per 8 pulses > 2.0 μm) occurred at an energy fluency of 50 mJ/mm² in both normal and fibrous aorta. Tissue damage (carbonization, tissue separation, fissures, cracks, and vacuolization) was in a range of 100 ± 28 to 152 ± 30 μm for normal aorta and in a range of 57 ± 35 to 110 ± 39 μm for fibrous aorta. We conclude that effective ablation of normal and fibrous human aorta can be achieved by the application of smooth excimer laser coronary angioplasty. This improvement of excimer laser technology may result in a reduction of shock wave- and cavitation-induced damage leading to a reduction of tissue injury. However, this awaits further in vitro and in vivo confirmation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

单克隆抗体在淋巴细胞白血病中的临床应用

本实验应用二十一种抗人白细胞分化抗原的单克隆抗体。通过ABC(avidin-biotin peroxidase complex)免疫酶标方法对十二例淋巴细胞白血病病人进行了免疫表型分析。提示单克隆抗体在淋巴细胞白血病病人的临床分型、治疗及预后估计上很有意义。粒、淋双表达白血病其本质不明,因而治疗上至今还没有一个理想的方案。     

现代化医院呼唤现代服务模式

当前我们正在向建设基本现代化医院迈进,在注意硬件建设的同时,不要忽略软件建设。硬件建设需要大量投入,较易见成果;而后者无需大量财力投入,只需转变医院人的思想观念,就能使医院明显改观。     

抗性家蝇蛹期多肽的双向电泳分析

分析抗性家蝇蛹期多肽，以了解蛋白质变化情况。方法：对家蝇的抗性株、对照株和敏感株蛹体内的多肽进行了聚丙烯酸胺凝胶电泳分析。结果：抗性株具有一特异的多肽点，且有3个多肽点在量上明显多于对照株。结论：杀虫剂的作用可使抗性家蝇体内的蛋白在质和量上发生改变。     

费氏艾美尔球虫（E.ferrisi）某些生物学特性的研究

采用从自然感染球虫的小鼠粪便中分离的单卵囊接种小鼠获得成功，观察了此种球虫的卵囊形态，孢子化时间，潜隐期和寄生部位等，确定此球虫为费氏艾美尔球虫。为进行费氏艾美尔球虫病的流行病学调查和防治提供了依据。