Cultural adaptation is associated with atopy and wheezing among children of Turkish origin living in Germany

BACKGROUND: Turkish children have been found to suffer less from atopic diseases than their German peers. The underlying causes are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate rates of sensitization and atopic disease among children in Germany with German or Turkish ethnicity and different degrees of cultural adaptation. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. The setting was screening for school eligibility in an inner-city district of Berlin/Germany. The participants were preschool children born in Germany with double German or double Turkish parental citizenship. Cultural adaptation of Turkish children was assessed by the language parents used to communicate with their child: only Turkish (n = 60, group A); Turkish and German (n = 269, group B); and only German (n = 103, group C). Group D contained children from German parents (n = 383). The main outcome measures were specific sensitization to common aeroallergens (CAP-System, Pharmacia Phadiatop >or= 0.35 kU/L), and lifetime and 1-year prevalences of allergic disease symptoms (ISAAC questionnaire in German and Turkish, Mantel-Haenszel test for trend). RESULTS: Sensitization rates for groups A, B, C and D were 8.0%, 6.8%, 18.9% and 18.3%, respectively (P = 0.004). The corresponding prevalence rates for wheeze ever were 6.7%, 9.3%, 12.6% and 21.3% (P < 0.001), wheeze in the past year 3.3%, 3.7%, 9.7% and 10.2% (P = 0.001), itchy rash ever 3.3%, 6.3%, 8.7% and 13.7% (P < 0.001), itchy rash in the past year 1.7%, 3.7%, 4.9% and 9.5% (P < 0.001), respectively. No significant differences were found for hay fever symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Higher cultural adaptation is correlated with higher rates of allergic sensitization and disease among children of Turkish origin living in Berlin. This correlation suggests that environmental rather than genetic differences are responsible for the differences observed.     

Theophylline and status epilepticus in children

We studied the role of theophylline on outcome of status epilepticus (SE) in children. During a two-year-period, 16 of 114 episodes of SE occurred in children receiving theophylline. At the onset of SE, theophylline blood levels were elevated in 8 episodes, and were therapeutic or subtherapeutic in 8 episodes. In the 8 episodes of SE with elevated theophylline levels, one child died and three suffered permanent new neurologic deficits. In the 8 episodes of SE with normal or low theophylline levels, only one child had a transient deficit. The occurrence of death or disability in 4 of 8 episodes of SE with elevated theophylline was considerably higher than the 23% incidence of death or persistent CNS deficit in the overall series of 114 episodes of SE. We conclude that theophylline, at toxic levels, is a significant factor in increased morbidity. We suspect that the hypoxia from the respiratory disorder for which theophylline was used, and the reduced cerebral blood flow known to occur with theophylline led to a failure to compensate for the increased cerebral metabolic rate of SE, thus increasing the risk of a poor outcome.     

Correction of genetic diabetes insipidus by adult hypothalamic grafts

Brattleboro rats manifest chronic diabetes insipidus as a result of the genetic deficiency of hypothalamic vasopressin. When basal hypothalamic tissue derived from adult F344 rats was implanted as cell suspensions or tissue blocks in the supraoptic regions of these animals, concentration of urine together with reduced urine output and water intake was observed in some animals. Histologic examination of the grafted brains from the responding animals revealed neuronal cells at the implant sites and vasopressin-staining fibers in the median eminence. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the grafting of adult cerebral tissues to correct a genetic hormonal deficiency.     

Ultrasonography and scintigraphy of the liver in focal and diffuse disease

In a clinical series the accuracy of standard colloid scintigraphy and gray-scale ultrasonography in investigations for liver disease was evaluated. The results of 246 investigations in which both methods were utilized were reviewed and classified according to diagnosis and follow-up. In focal disease the sensitivity was 0.90 for scintigraphy, and 0.83 for ultrasonography; ultrasonography had the higher specificity, 0.94 compared with 0.77 for scintigraphy. In diffuse disease the sensitivity was found to be low for both methods, about 0.60, while specificity was high, 0.86 for scintigraphy and 0.92 for ultrasonography. Decreased liver function in diffuse liver disease as reflected by bone marrow uptake at scintigraphy was not found to have any influence on the degree of sensitivity of ultrasonography.     

Proteinuria in fighter pilots after high +Gz exposure

Exposure to high gravitational forces acting along the body axis towards the feet (+Gz) causes considerable strain on several organ systems, including the kidneys. During +Gz tolerance studies without anti-G suits, significant amounts of protein and hyaline casts were found in 17 of 20 fighter pilots after centrifugation. The G load alternated between 3.5 and 5.5 G. Mean time in the centrifuge was 15 min. For comparison we examined another group of 19 fighter pilots after air combat maneuver training with anti-G suits. None showed proteinuria. The proteinuria most likely indicates a severely depressed renal blood flow during centrifugation.     

Metabolism of [14C]arachidonic acid by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in patients with psoriasis

The formation of LTB4 and its omega-oxidation products 20-hydroxy- and 20-carboxy-LTB4 from exogenous [14C]arachidonic acid (AA) by neutrophils from 12 psoriatic patients and 10 healthy controls was investigated. Only a slight difference was detected in the mean amount of [14C]LTB4 produced. In contrast, the amounts of [14C]omega-oxidation products obtained from psoriatic PMN were 2.4-fold higher than the amounts from PMN of healthy controls. We conclude that in vitro, psoriatic PMN synthesize more LTB4 from exogenous AA than do PMN of healthy individuals and due to an efficient omega-oxidation system, the net release of LTB4 in both groups appears to be similar.