TLR9 Deficiency in B Cells Promotes Immune Tolerance via Interleukin-10 in a Type 1 Diabetes Mouse Model

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is highly expressed in B cells, and B cells are important in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) development. However, the intrinsic effect of TLR9 in B cells on β-cell autoimmunity is not known. To fill this knowledge gap, we generated NOD mice with a B-cell–specific deficiency of TLR9 (TLR9^fl/fl/CD19-Cre+ NOD). The B-cell–specific deletion of TLR9 resulted in near-complete protection from T1D development. Diabetes protection was accompanied by an increased proportion of interleukin-10 (IL-10)–producing B cells. We also found that TLR9-deficient B cells were hyporesponsive to both innate and adaptive immune stimuli. This suggested that TLR9 in B cells modulates T1D susceptibility in NOD mice by changing the frequency and function of IL-10–producing B cells. Molecular analysis revealed a network of TLR9 with matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and CD40, all of which are interconnected with IL-10. Our study has highlighted an important connection of an innate immune molecule in B cells to the immunopathogenesis of T1D. Thus, targeting the TLR9 pathway, specifically in B cells, may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for T1D treatment.     

Novel Rim Plating Technique for Treatment of the Inferior Pole Fracture of the Patella

To aim of the present paper was to introduce a novel fixation technique for the treatment of inferior pole fracture of the patella. We performed a prospective observational study of consecutive cases of inferior pole fracture of the patella that were treated at our institution between January 2018 and June 2019. The patients include three men and one woman, with an average age of 47 years (range: 42–59 years). All patients were treated with the novel rim plating fixation technique for preserving the inferior pole of the patella. During the surgery, a 2.4 mm straight locking compression plate was contoured to adapt to the arc of the lower half of the patella as the rim plate. After reduction of the fracture, the rim plate was fixed to the proximal fragment of the patella through multiple locking screws, against the continuous pull of the patellar tendon. The rim plate encircles and constricts the inferior pole fragments, functioning as a compression and blocking construct. If necessary, an additional anterior tension band or mini locking plate can be used to further prevent anterior displacement of the inferior pole fragments. Under this rigid fixation, motion of the knee and full weight‐bearing were encouraged postoperatively. The patients were followed up monthly until 12 months after surgery. The time to achieve 90°pain‐free, full range of motion of the knee, and fracture healing, were recorded. Related complications were monitored, including infection, loss of reduction, fixation failure, anterior knee pain, and soft‐tissue irritation. The modified Cincinnati knee rating system was used for knee function assessment. The average operative time was 58.8 min (range: 52–63 min). The average blood loss was 59.8 mL (range: 45–71 mL). For all patients, pain‐free 90° range of motion was restored in 2–4 weeks, and the full range of motion was restored in 8–11 weeks. All patients achieved bone union in 6–9 weeks with no displacement of the fragments or breakage of the implant. No patient complained of anterior knee pain or soft‐tissue irritation. The modified Cincinnati score at 12‐month follow up demonstrated excellent outcomes in all four patients. The rim plating technique may be a feasible option for the treatment of the inferior pole fracture of the patella.     

Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging for laparoscopic complex upper urinary tract reconstructions: a comparative study

BackgroundTo describe our technique for using an intraureteral injection of indocyanine green (ICG) and visualization under near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) to facilitate challenging upper urinary tract reconstructions (UUTRs) and to present the comparative outcomes.MethodsWe collected 36 patients who underwent laparoscopic UUTRs between April 2019 and March 2020, and we divided the patients into two groups based on the use of ICG (ICG group and non-ICG group). Demographic characteristics, perioperative outcomes, and functional outcomes were compared between the two groups.ResultsThere were 18 cases in the ICG group and 18 cases in the non-ICG group, respectively. There were no differences in the baseline characteristics between the two groups. The intraoperative time to identification of the ureter (TIU; 20.9±11.7 vs. 30.0±14.6 min, P=0.03) and length of postoperative hospital stay (LPHS; 11.1±3.0 vs. 16.6±10.0 days, P=0.03) were significantly shorter in the ICG group. There was also a trend for lesser time for locating the stricture (43.0±27.9 vs. 55.4±18.6 min, P=0.14) and lower estimated blood loss (EBL) in the ICG group patients (88.3±75.4 vs. 91.7±46.2 mL, P=0.22). During the mean 3.8-month follow-up for the ICG group and the 6.2-month for the non-ICG group, there was a trend for more severe complications in the non-ICG group.ConclusionsVisualizing intraureteral ICG under NIRF is useful in challenging UUTRs, allows for rapid ureteral identification and accurate real-time delineation of the ureteral stricture margins, and provides encouraging follow-up outcomes compared with those in the non-ICG group.     

Mid‐ to Long‐Term Outcomes of Cementless Modular,Fluted, Tapered Stem for Massive Femoral Bone Loss in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty

ObjectiveTo evaluate mid‐ to long‐term results of revision total hip arthroplasty for massive femoral bone loss using a cementless modular, fluted, tapered stem.MethodsThis is a retrospective study performed at a single hospital. During the period of January 2007 to January 2015, 33 patients (34 hips) underwent primary revision surgery with cementless modular, fluted, tapered stems due to femoral bone loss. Sixteen men and 17 women were included in the study, with an average age of 63.9 ± 11.7 years (range, 27 to 88 years). Operative data including operative duration, length of incision, drainage volume and duration, blood loss and transfusion, cases of bone graft and extended trochanteric osteotomy were recorded. Clinical evaluation was performed using Harris hip score (HHS), visual analogue scale (VAS), and patients'' satisfaction. Radiographic data including femoral stem fixation, subsidence, integrin of allograft bone, and leg length discrepancy were assessed. Complications and survivorship were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival rate.ResultsThe mean follow‐up was 9.1 ± 2.5 years (range, 5–13 years). The Harris hip score was 43.6 ± 11.5 preoperatively and maintained at 86.5 ± 6.6 at the time of latest follow‐up (P < 0. 05). The X‐ray showed bone ingrowth fixation in 30 hips (88%), fibrous stable fixation in three hips (9%), and instability in one hip (3%). The average stem subsidence was 3.9 ± 2.2 mm (range, 1 to 10 mm). The mean difference in leg length in our study was 3.3 ± 2.7 mm (range, 0 to 10 mm), and the leg length discrepancy in 28 (82%) patients was within 5 mm. No case of junction fracture was observed. Seven (21%) intraoperative fractures occurred in our study. Three (9%) cases with infection were observed after revision. Six (18%) patients had lower limb vein thrombosis. The survivorship of prostheses with re‐revision for any reason was 95% (95% CI, 12.0 to 13.0) at the 10‐year follow‐up. Three (9%) re‐revisions were needed, including one for aseptic loosening, one for dislocation, and one for infection.ConclusionThe mid‐ to long‐term results of revision total hip arthroplasty with the cementless modular, fluted, tapered stems are encouraging for massive femoral bone loss.     

One‐Stage Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Symptomatic Double‐Level Contiguous Adolescent Lumbar Disc Herniation

ObjectiveTo assess the clinical efficacy of one‐stage percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) for symptomatic double‐level contiguous adolescent lumbar disc herniation (ALDH).MethodsThis retrospective study included 16 patients who presented with back and/or leg pain due to double‐level disc herniation underwent PELD for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (0.27%,16/5877) from January 2014 to September 2019. After follow‐up period of 17.3 months in average, numeric rating scale (NRS) scores and modified Macnab criteria were used to assess the preoperative and postoperative clinical results. Quantitative data were expressed as mean standard deviation (SD) and the data for the variation in the NRS scores before and after the operation were compared using the Wilcoxon two‐sample test. Analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 19.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Values of P < 0.05 were considered significantly different.ResultsThere were 11 male and 5 female patients, with an average age of 19.3 years (range, 15–22 years). One case affected the L₂‐ L₃ /L₃‐L₄ level, seven cases affected the L₃‐ L₄ /L₄‐ L₅ level, and eight cases affected the L₄‐ L₅ /L₅‐S₁ level. The NRS scores decreased significantly in both early and late follow‐up evaluations and these scores demonstrated significant improvement in late follow‐up (P < 0.05). For the modified Macnab criteria, the final outcome results were excellent in 14 patients (87.5%), good in 1 patient (6.25%), fair in 1 patient (6.25%), and the overall success rate was 93.75%.ConclusionThis study''s data suggest that one‐stage PELD is promising treatment strategy for selected symptomatic double‐level contiguous adolescent lumbar disc herniation.     

羟乙基淀粉130/0.4急性高容量血液稀释对骨科手术患者内环境的影响

目的探讨硬膜外复合全身麻醉下6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4急性高容量血液稀释对骨科手术患者内环境的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期骨科手术患者28例,随机均分为急性高容量血液稀释组(AHH组)和对照组(C组)。均采用硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉。AHH组硬膜外阻滞起效后开始血液稀释,快速输入6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.420ml/kg,速率50ml/min;C组常规输液。术中连续监测MAP、HR、SpO2、CVP、ECG和PETCO2。分别于稀释前即刻(T0)、稀释后5min(T1)、120min(T2)采取桡动脉血进行电解质、乳酸(Lac)、血糖(BG)、尿素氮(BUN)、Hct及Hb测定,计算血浆渗透浓度(Posm)。结果AHH组Hct及Hb血液稀释后下降约20%。与C组相比,AHH组患者的MAP、HR较平稳,术中输液量、尿量增多。与T0相比,AHH组T1时CVP升高,T2时pH值降低(P<0.05)。两组患者的BG在T2时增高,且C组高于AHH组(P<0.05)。两组各时点血电解质、Lac、BUN、HCO3-、BE、Posm等各指标差异均无统计学意义。结论硬膜外复合全身麻醉下6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4急性高容量血液稀释能维持内环境的相对稳定。     

腹腔镜高位结扎与介入栓塞治疗精索静脉曲张的临床对比观察

目的通过腹腔镜高位结扎与介入栓塞治疗精索静脉曲张的临床对比,探讨两者之间的优劣性。方法221例患者随机分为两组,腹腔镜高位结扎组112例,介入栓塞组109例,随访3年,分别就治疗过程、手术效果、并发症等方面进行比较。结果两组病例在对比观察项目的依从性、手术时间、止痛剂使用、症状近期缓解程度4方面无显著性差异,在住院时间和并发症方面有差异性（P〈0.05）,而在围手术时间、失败率、总费用有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论综合比较,精索静脉曲张介入栓塞术优于腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术。     

不同大小机械牵张力对成骨细胞OPG/RANKL表达的影响

目的：研究不同大小机械牵张力对成骨细胞OPG／RANKL表达的影响。方法：通过自制多通道细胞牵张应力加载系统对小鼠成骨样细胞MC3T3-E1同时施加0％、6％、12％和18％的机械牵张力，作用24h后，用RT-PCR方法检测细胞受力后OPGmRNA／RANKL mRNA表达的变化，用免疫印迹法（Western Blotting）检测其蛋白表达的变化。结果：细胞受力后，其OPG mRNA及蛋白表达随牵张力值的增大明显增加，而RANKL mRNA及蛋白表达随牵张力值的增大明显减少。结论：不同大小机械牵张力可以影响成骨细胞的OPG／RANKL表达，进而影响正畸骨改建。     

输尿管镜在梗阻性上尿路感染治疗中的应用

目的探讨输尿管镜对梗阻性上尿路感染的治疗作用。方法采用输尿管镜治疗上尿路感染15例。直视下向梗阻性感染侧上尿路插入输尿管镜，采用镜体直接扩张、活检、电灼、激光碎石等微创技术解除梗阻，并适当处理原发疾病，妥善留置F7-9双J管、Foley’s导尿管，配合有效抗菌素治疗。结果12例患者上尿路感染临床症状迅速好转（80％），8例同时完成病因治疗（53．3％）。结论微创输尿管镜技术对梗阻性上尿路感染具有肯定的治疗作用。