全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6036篇 |
免费 | 1031篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 49篇 |
儿科学 | 241篇 |
妇产科学 | 142篇 |
基础医学 | 910篇 |
口腔科学 | 161篇 |
临床医学 | 889篇 |
内科学 | 1002篇 |
皮肤病学 | 57篇 |
神经病学 | 756篇 |
特种医学 | 228篇 |
外国民族医学 | 1篇 |
外科学 | 679篇 |
综合类 | 472篇 |
一般理论 | 3篇 |
预防医学 | 484篇 |
眼科学 | 113篇 |
药学 | 588篇 |
中国医学 | 6篇 |
肿瘤学 | 292篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 80篇 |
2019年 | 78篇 |
2018年 | 105篇 |
2017年 | 76篇 |
2016年 | 72篇 |
2015年 | 102篇 |
2014年 | 138篇 |
2013年 | 190篇 |
2012年 | 273篇 |
2011年 | 286篇 |
2010年 | 154篇 |
2009年 | 125篇 |
2008年 | 224篇 |
2007年 | 238篇 |
2006年 | 255篇 |
2005年 | 278篇 |
2004年 | 245篇 |
2003年 | 240篇 |
2002年 | 242篇 |
2001年 | 204篇 |
2000年 | 218篇 |
1999年 | 197篇 |
1998年 | 99篇 |
1997年 | 62篇 |
1996年 | 83篇 |
1995年 | 71篇 |
1994年 | 65篇 |
1993年 | 60篇 |
1992年 | 150篇 |
1991年 | 168篇 |
1990年 | 130篇 |
1989年 | 154篇 |
1988年 | 129篇 |
1987年 | 186篇 |
1986年 | 141篇 |
1985年 | 135篇 |
1984年 | 120篇 |
1983年 | 106篇 |
1982年 | 88篇 |
1981年 | 88篇 |
1980年 | 103篇 |
1979年 | 102篇 |
1978年 | 66篇 |
1977年 | 69篇 |
1976年 | 58篇 |
1975年 | 55篇 |
1974年 | 67篇 |
1972年 | 66篇 |
1971年 | 49篇 |
1970年 | 48篇 |
排序方式: 共有7073条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
51.
James L Onambele G Woledge R Skelton D Woods D Eleftheriou K Hawe E Humphries SE Haddad F Montgomery H 《European journal of applied physiology》2004,92(1-2):227-230
A reduction in interleukin-6 (IL-6) activity may contribute to the beneficial effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the menopausal decline in bone mineral density (BMD). We have examined this hypothesis using a genetic strategy. The –174C (rather than G) IL-6 gene variant is associated with lower IL-6 expression. As such, we might anticipate the C allele to be associated with a greater response to HRT. We have tested this hypothesis. Mean three-site [spine (L1-L4), neck of femur, and Wards triangle] BMD was measured in 65 women in a 1-year randomised controlled trial of HRT with 0.625 mg oestrogen/day and 0.15 mg norgestrel (n=30). Baseline BMD was genotype-independent for both the control and HRT group. In the control group, the percentage change in BMD after 1 year was similar between genotypes (P=0.45). In contrast, in the HRT group, the rise was genotype-dependent. Those homozygous for the G allele showed a 3.62 (2.14)% increase in BMD compared with 10.44 (4.68)% for the C-homozygous group. Heterozygotes had an intermediate BMD increase of 5.6 (2.82)% [P=0.006 (P value for interaction between HRT and genotype was 0.04)] Although the study was limited by its small sample size, these are the first data to demonstrate the importance of IL-6 genotype in determining response to oestrogen therapy, rather than its physiological withdrawal. 相似文献
52.
We evaluated P388D1 macrophagelike cells as model host cells for studying the intracellular survival and strain-specific virulence of Histoplasma capsulatum. Previously characterized strains which were virulent for mice destroyed monolayers of these cells within a few days. In contrast, related avirulent "smooth" variants failed to do so even after 20 days, although they persisted within P388D1 cells for at least 7 days. On the basis of this observation, we developed a quantitative radiolabel assay to use as an initial screen for virulence. Another cell type lining the respiratory tract was then examined as a potential host for H. capsulatum. Hamster trachea epithelial (HTE) cells readily internalized a variety of strains lacking alpha-(1,3)-glucan in their cell walls; however, the tracheal cells were only rarely infected by organisms possessing this polysaccharide. We subsequently inoculated HTE cells with alpha-(1,3)-glucan-positive strains and enriched for the few yeasts infecting these cells. The progeny resembled smooth variants in terms of colony morphology, the absence of alpha-(1,3)-glucan in their cell walls, and their inability to kill macrophages. Did the HTE cells select for these variant yeasts from the parent inoculum or instigate a change from the parental phenotype? Following a 3-h uptake period, only 2% of the ingested yeasts lacked alpha-(1,3)-glucan. One day later, nearly half of the intracellular organisms lacked this polymer. This rapid conversion of a large proportion of the inoculum suggests some type of environmentally triggered change, perhaps analogous to phase variation seen in many other pathogens. Infection of epithelial cells or some other nonprofessional phagocyte during natural histoplasmosis might give rise to similar variants, thus establishing a reservoir of organisms capable of causing chronic or latent infections. 相似文献
53.
The plastic pediatric BacT/ALERT (bioMérieux, Durham, N.C.) PF (PPF) is a new nonvented aerobic culture medium in a clear plastic bottle designed to prevent breakage. We compared the performance of the new PPF bottle to that of the present glass BacT/ALERT PF bottle for the recovery of microorganisms as well as for the time to detection of growth in samples of blood obtained for culture from children. We found that the PPF and PF bottles were comparable for recovery of microorganisms and that the safety advantage of plastic bottles can be achieved without compromising performance. 相似文献
54.
Benoit SC Air EL Wilmer K Messerschmidt P Hodge KM Jones MB Eckstein DM McOsker CC Seeley RJ Woods SC Sheldon RJ 《Physiology & behavior》2003,79(4-5):761-766
The conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is routinely used to assess the aversive consequences of anorexic agents, including potential pharmacological therapies for obesity. In a typical CTA paradigm, rats briefly sampling a novel tastant (e.g., saccharin) are acutely administered with toxin (e.g., lithium chloride, LiCl). After as few as one taste-toxin pairing, rats will reliably avoid the novel tastant. This paradigm is frequently used for the assessment of possible aversive consequences of drugs that are candidates for pharmacological therapies. The degree to which the drug supports development of a CTA is interpreted as an index of its aversive properties. Difficulties with previous work include the inability to assess affects on food intake and CTA simultaneously, particularly during chronic drug administration. We report here two novel CTA paradigms for the assessment of appetitive and aversive consequences of anorexic agents, simultaneously. In the first experiment, animals receive an intraoral infusion of a novel and highly palatable tastant immediately prior to administration of increasing doses of LiCl. In the second experiment, rats were implanted intraperitoneally with osmotic minipumps that chronically delivered a low dose of LiCl for 7 days. LiCl did not affect short or long term food intake in either experiment. However, LiCl did support the development of a CTA in both paradigms. These results suggest that both the appetitive and aversive consequences of anorexic agents can be assessed simultaneously during either acute or chronic drug administration. 相似文献
55.
Linkage of the MHC to familial multiple sclerosis suggests genetic heterogeneity. The Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Group 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Haines JL; Terwedow HA; Burgess K; Pericak-Vance MA; Rimmler JB; Martin ER; Oksenberg JR; Lincoln R; Zhang DY; Banatao DR; Gatto N; Goodkin DE; Hauser SL 《Human molecular genetics》1998,7(8):1229-1234
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease of the
central nervous system. While its etiology is not well understood, genetic
factors are clearly involved. Until recently, most genetic studies in MS
have been association studies using the case-control design testing
specific candidate genes and studying only sporadic cases. The only
consistently replicated finding has been an association with the HLA-DR2
allele within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6.
Using the genetic linkage design, however, evidence for and against linkage
of the MHC to MS has been found, fostering suggestions that sporadic and
familial MS have different etiologies. Most recently, two of four genomic
screens demonstrated linkage to the MHC, although specific allelic
associations were not tested. Here, a dataset of 98 multiplex families was
studied to test for an association to the HLA-DR2 allele in familial MS and
to determine if genetic linkage to the MHC was due solely to such an
association. Three highly polymorphic markers (HLA-DR, D6S273 and TNFbeta)
in the MHC demonstrated strong genetic linkage (parametric lod scores of
4.60, 2.20 and 1.24, respectively) and a specific association with the
HLA-DR2 allele was confirmed (TDT; P < 0.001). Stratifying the results
by HLA-DR2 status showed that the linkage results were limited to families
segregating HLA-DR2 alleles. These results demonstrate that genetic linkage
to the MHC can be explained by the HLA-DR2 allelic association. They also
indicate that sporadic and familial MS share a common genetic
susceptibility. In addition, preliminary calculations suggest that the MHC
explains between 17 and 62% of the genetic etiology of MS. This
heterogeneity is also supported by the minority of families showing no
linkage or association with loci within the MHC.
相似文献
56.
Diane G. Oliver Ann H. Sanders R. Douglas Hogg Judith Woods Hellman 《Journal of immunological methods》1981,42(2):195-201
Temperature studies of microtitration plates demonstrate that the use of a common bacteriology incubator for heating the plates can cause a phase lag of over 30 min for the fluid in the wells to reach 37°C from ambient temperature, and that a temperature gradient of as much as 1.6°C can exist between the peripheral and center wells. This gradient is a cause of the ‘rim’ or edge effect noted in enzyme immunoassay using microtitration plates. The problem is corrected by the use of a specially designed forced air microtitration plate incubator. 相似文献
57.
Is semiquantitative culture of central vein catheter tips useful in the diagnosis of catheter-associated bacteremia? 总被引:2,自引:12,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
P J Collignon N Soni I Y Pearson W P Woods R Munro T C Sorrell 《Journal of clinical microbiology》1986,24(4):532-535
Semiquantitative culturing of catheter tips has been used as an index of catheter-related bacteremia. As the sensitivity and predictive values of this test have not been determined, we studied 780 tips from central vein catheters inserted into 440 critically ill patients in an intensive care unit. The results were correlated with clinical data for 30 bacteremic episodes which occurred in these patients, 14 of which were catheter related. When five or more colonies per plate were taken as a positive result, the sensitivity of the method was 92%, and the specificity was 83%. Although the predictive value of a negative result was excellent (99.8%), the predictive value of a positive result was low (8.8%) in our patient population, which had a relatively low incidence of catheter-related bacteremia (2%). We conclude that a semiquantitative culture technique is useful in the diagnosis of bacteremia associated with central vein catheters. 相似文献
58.
D E Woods R Franklin S J Cryz Jr M Ganss M Peppler C Ewanowich 《Infection and immunity》1989,57(4):1018-1024
Considerable effort directed toward designing a safe and effective vaccine for Bordetella pertussis in which the cellular and/or acellular antigens necessary to confer immunity are known has been hampered by lack of information on the pathogenesis of the natural infection. The study presented here describes an animal model of lung infection by B. pertussis encased in agar beads in adult (200- to 220-g) male Sprague-Dawley rats. At 3 and 7 days after inoculation with phase I B. pertussis, organisms could be recovered from the lungs of rats; however, organisms were not recoverable at days 10 and 14 but reappeared in lung homogenates at day 21. Histopathological examination revealed findings similar to those seen in human disease. At day 3, a mild lymphocytic infiltrate was present in the bronchi, with progressive lymphoid hyperplasia peribronchially. By day 7, a necrotizing inflammation of the tracheobronchial mucous membranes, characterized by both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells, was noted. Phase III B. pertussis organisms were not recoverable from the lungs of inoculated rats at day 3 after inoculation, nor were histological changes noted in these animals. Clinical findings in phase I B. pertussis-infected rats included hypoglycemia, circulating lymphocytosis, and paroxysms in which air was forcibly expelled from the mouth or nose. 相似文献
59.
60.