饮用水有机提取物致大鼠肝脏损伤中GSTs活性及其编码基因表达的变化

[目的]观察饮用水有机提取物对大鼠肝脏谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione-S-transferase,GSTs)活性及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶A1(GSTA1)基因m RNA和蛋白表达的影响,探讨其在饮用水有机提取物肝脏损伤中作用。[方法]采用固相萃取法提取水样中有机污染物,50只SD大鼠随机分成5组,分别为空白对照组、溶剂对照组(玉米油)和低、中、高3个染毒组(剂量分别为每天5、20、80 L/kg·bw),进行经口灌胃染毒12周。分光光度法检测GSTs的活性,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法和Western blot法分别检测GSTA1基因的m RNA和蛋白质表达水平,同时检测肝功能各指标。[结果](1)大鼠肝脏GSTs酶活性:与空白对照、溶剂对照及低剂量组相比,中剂量[(50.66±5.62)U/mg蛋白]和高剂量组[(39.80±12.95)U/mg蛋白]的GSTs酶活性升高(P<0.05);与中剂量组相比,高剂量组GSTs的酶活性则明显降低(P<0.05)。(2)GSTA1的m RNA及蛋白表达水平:中、高剂量组高于空白对照组、溶剂对照及低剂量组(P<0.05);而与中剂量组相比,高剂量组GSTA1的m RNA表达水平下降(P<0.05)。Western blot检测结果显示,随染毒剂量的增加,GSTA1蛋白表达呈先升高后降低的趋势,与空白对照、溶剂对照及低剂量组比较,中、高剂量组的升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);而与中剂量组比较,高剂量GSTA1的蛋白表达则下降(P<0.05)。(3)肝功能指标:与对照组比较,血清胆碱酯酶(CHE)在中、高剂量染毒组升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转换酶(AST)则仅在高剂量组升高(P<0.05)。总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)在高剂量组下降(P<0.05)。GSTA1蛋白表达、GSTs活性与染毒大鼠肝脏CHE水平均呈正相关关系(r=0.490 5,r=0.685 2;P<0.05)。[结论]在本实验条件下,饮用水有机提取物较高剂量染毒可上调大鼠肝脏GSTA1的m RNA及蛋白质表达水平,调控GSTs活性改变,从而导致大鼠肝细胞对毒物的易感性增强,肝损伤加重。     

A novel approach to investigating the erythroid lineage, using both receptor analysis and haemoglobin detection

Progenitor cell failure in the erythroid lineage is a particular problem in bone marrow failure. To provide insight into early erythopoietic development we used sensitive techniques to examine the effects of SCF, IL-3 and MIP-1α on two developmentally arrested progenitor cell lines, HEL and K562. Quantitative flowcytometric analysis showed that both expressed receptors (SCF > MIP-1α >IL-3). Qualitative analysis revealed HEL cells expressed more receptors than K562 cells. Clonogenic assays with sensitive haemoglobin detection showed that SCF and IL-3 did not support HEL development and reduced haemoglobin production. MIP-1α reduced partially developed HEL colonies and haemoglobin in developed colonies. SCF increased development, but not haemoglobin in K562 cells, with IL-3 being more effective in both. MIP-1α increased the proportion of well-developed K562 colonies but not haemoglobin. This suggests SCF, IL-3 and MIP-1α all have a role to play in early erythroid cellular development, with differing actions depending on the stage of development.     

Microsatellite instability and novel mismatch repair gene mutations in northern Chinese population with Hereditary non‐polyposis colorectal cancer

OBJECTIVE: Hereditary non‐polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome is the most common cause of hereditary colorectal cancer with an early age of onset. Microsatellite instability (MSI) and germline mutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes are found in the majority of HNPCC families and provide an opportunity for genetic diagnosis and prophylactic screening. The MMR gene mutation spectrum may vary across different populations and be influenced by founder mutations that prevail in specific ethnic groups. China is a big and ancient nation with enormous genetic diversity, which is especially notable between the northern and southern Chinese populations. A MMR gene mutation database for the southern Chinese population based in Hong Kong has been previously established. This study compares the MMR gene mutation spectrum and the MSI of HNPCC between the northern and southern Chinese populations. METHODS: Twenty‐five HNPCC families from northern China were systematically analyzed. The MSI analysis was performed using five loci in the USA National Cancer Institute (NCI) panel (D2S123, D5S346, BAT‐25, BAT‐26 and BAT‐40) by PCR from the tumor and normal tissue. MSH2, MSH6 and MLH1 were performed using immunohistochemical staining. Two founder mutations of MSH2 and MLH1 were examined by PCR base analyses using primers flanking the two deletion sites (c.1452_1455delAATG in MSH2 and 1.8 kb deletion involving exon 11 of MLH1) . RESULTS: Of the 25 families collected, 19 met Bethesda guideline (BG) 1 and six met BG3. Twenty‐two (15.7%) were extra‐colonic cancers with gastric cancer (in seven patients) being the most common cancer type. Of the 25 tumors analyzed, 21 (84%) were high level microsatellite instability (MSI‐H) and four (16%) were microsatellite stable (MSS). Eighteen (86%) of the 21 MSI‐H tumors showed loss of either the MLH1 or the MSH2 protein. Three MSI‐H tumors and all four MSS tumors showed no loss of expression of the three MMR proteins. Out of the 21 patients with MSI‐H tumors, 12 (57%) showed pathogenic germline mutations in either MLH1 (n = 8) or MSH2 (n = 4). Overall, three novel mutations (in patients H22, H17 and H29) have been identified. One of them, c.503_4insA, caused a frameshift mutation in the MLH1 gene. The other two were found in the MSH2 gene, including a frameshift (c.899_890insAT) and a splice junction (IVS7‐1G→A, SA of Exon 8) mutation. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a distinctly different mutation spectrum of MMR genes between northern and southern Chinese populations and call for a systematic, nationwide study to facilitate the design of a MMR gene mutation detection strategy tailored for individual populations in China.     

Celecoxib versus diclofenac plus omeprazole in high-risk arthritis patients: results of a randomized double-blind trial

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The gastric safety of cyclooxgenase-2 inhibitors and prophylactic antisecretory therapy in high-risk arthritis patients is unclear. We studied the ulcer incidence and factors predicting ulcer recurrence in a prospective, double-blinded trial. METHODS: We studied patients who presented with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated ulcer bleeding. After ulcer healing, patients who were negative for Helicobacter pylori were randomly assigned to celecoxib 200 mg twice a day plus omeprazole placebo once daily or diclofenac 75 mg twice daily plus omeprazole 20 mg once daily for 6 months. Patients underwent endoscopy if they developed recurrent bleeding. Those without recurrent events underwent endoscopy at their last follow-up visit. RESULTS: Two hundred eighty-seven patients were enrolled; 24 had recurrent gastrointestinal complications. Among 259 patients without events, 222 underwent endoscopy (116 received celecoxib and 106 received diclofenac plus omeprazole). The probability of recurrent ulcers in 6 months was 18.7% in the celecoxib group and 25.6% in the diclofenac plus omeprazole group (difference, -6.7%; 95% CI: -17.8% to 3.9%) (P = 0.21). Combining bleeding and endoscopic ulcers, 24.1% in the celecoxib group and 32.3% in the diclofenac plus omeprazole group had recurrent ulcers in 6 months (difference, -8.2%; 95% CI: -19.5% to 2.9%) (P = 0.15). Treatment-induced significant dyspepsia (hazard ratio, 5.3; 95% CI: 2.6-10.8), age > or =75 (hazard ratio, 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1-3.5), and comorbidity (hazard ratio, 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2-3.7) independently predicted ulcer recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with previous ulcer bleeding, neither celecoxib nor diclofenac plus omeprazole adequately prevents ulcer recurrence. Treatment-induced significant dyspepsia is an indication for endoscopic evaluation.     

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis from Salmonella: an unusual bacterium with unusual presentation

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced cirrhosis and portal hypertension. While gram-negative rods and Enterococcus species are the common offending organisms, Salmonella has also been recognized as a rare and atypical offending organism. Atypical features of Salmonella SBP include both its occurrence in cirrhotic patients with immunosuppressive state and its lack of typical neutroascitic response. Diagnosis is often delayed as it requires confirmation from ascitic fluid culture. We report a case of Salmonella SBP occurring in a patient with decompensated cryptogenic cirrhosis with concurrent low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma and prior treatment with rituximab. Physicians should be aware of the atypical presentation, especially in cirrhotic patients who are immunosuppressed.     

胡芦巴生制品降血脂功效研究

目的 对胡芦巴生、制品的降血脂功效进行研究。方法 通过喂养高脂高糖饲料,构建小鼠高血脂模型。将高血脂模型小鼠按TG、TC、体重分为模型组,阳性组,生品组,盐制品组,酒制品组,外加空白组。给予相应药物治疗21天后,对体重、血清中TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、AST、ALT的水平进行测定,取肝脏称重,计算肝指数。结果 与空白组相比：模型组小鼠的体重显著升高（P<0.01）,与模型组相比,胡芦巴生、制品组小鼠的体重显著降低（P<0.05）;模型组小鼠的肝指数显著升高（P<0.01）,与模型组相比,胡芦巴生、制品组小鼠的肝指数显著降低（P<0.05）;模型组小鼠的TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C显著升高（P<0.01）,与模型组相比,胡芦巴生、酒制品组小鼠的TG、TC、LDL-C显著降低（P<0.05）,盐制品组TG、TC（P<0.01）、LDL-C（P<0.05）,对TG、TC的调节作用,盐制品组要优于生品组（P<0.05）;模型组小鼠的AST、ALT显著升高（P<0.01）,与模型组相比,胡芦巴生、盐制品组小鼠的AST、ALT显著降低（P<0.05）,酒制品组（P<0.01）。且酒制品组与生品组之间具有显著性差异（P<0.05）。结论 胡芦巴盐制后对高血脂模型中TG和TC的调节作用增强、酒制后对AST和ALT的调节作用增强,说明胡芦巴盐制后降血脂作用增强,酒制后肝保护的作用增强。     

Detection of bioactive peptides including gonadotrophin‐releasing factors (GnRHs) in horse urine using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS)

The use of bioactive peptides as a doping agent in both human and animal sports has become increasingly popular in recent years. As such, methods to control the misuse of bioactive peptides in equine sports have received attention. This paper describes a sensitive accurate mass method for the detection of 40 bioactive peptides and two non‐peptide growth hormone secretagogues (< 2 kDa) at low pg/mL levels in horse urine using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS). A simple mixed‐mode cation exchange solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridge was employed for the extraction of 42 targets and/or their in vitro metabolites from horse urine. The final extract was analyzed using UHPLC/HRMS in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode under both full scan and data independent acquisition (DIA, for MS²). The estimated limits of detection (LoD) for most of the targets could reach down to 10 pg/mL in horse urine. This method was validated for qualitative detection purposes. The validation data, including method specificity, method sensitivity, extraction recovery, method precision, and matrix effect were reported. A thorough in vitro study was also performed on four gonadotrophin‐releasing factors (GnRHs), namely leuprorelin, buserelin, goserelin, and nafarelin, using the S9 fraction isolated from horse liver. The identified in vitro metabolites have been incorporated into the method for controlling the misuse of GnRHs. The applicability of this method was demonstrated by the identification of leuprorelin and one of its metabolites, Leu M4, in urine obtained after intramuscular administration of leuprorelin to a thoroughbred gelding (castrated horse).     

地塞米松脂质体的制备及其对乳腺癌作用的体内外研究

目的制备地塞米松脂质体,探讨地塞米松对乳腺癌4T1细胞的生长抑制作用及对荷瘤鼠的抗肿瘤药效。方法采用薄膜分散–超声法,以粒径和多分散指数(PDI)为指标进行单因素实验考察了大豆磷脂(SPC)与甲氧基聚乙二醇磷脂(DSPE-mPEG2000)的质量比、SPC与地塞米松的质量比、超声时间对地塞米松脂质体粒径的影响从而筛选得到最佳处方和最佳工艺条件。采用MTT法比较地塞米松注射液和地塞米松脂质体对4T1细胞的作用。建立4T1 BAL B/c荷瘤小鼠模型,研究地塞米松脂质体对4T1荷瘤小鼠的体内抗肿瘤作用。结果当SPC与DSPE-mPEG2000质量比为5∶1、SPC与地塞米松质量比为50∶3、超声时间为20 min时制备得到的脂质体粒径最小,粒径分布最窄,室温放置15 d稳定,于生理介质中稳定。MTT测定结果显示地塞米松注射液和脂质体对4T1细胞生长抑制作用均较弱,但在4T1荷瘤鼠的体内实验中,在5mg/kg的给药剂量下,地塞米松脂质体的抑瘤率却高达78.9%,显著高于地塞米松注射液(33.4%,P<0.05)和8mg/kg紫杉醇注射液(55%,P<0.05)。结论制备的地塞米松脂质体放置于生理介质中均能稳定存在,能口服能静脉给药。地塞米松脂质体对4T1荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长有较强的抑制作用,但体外对4T1细胞抑制抑制作用并不强,推测地塞米松脂质体是通过调节肿瘤微环境来抑制肿瘤生长。     

Amyloid and metabolic positron emission tomography imaging of cognitively normal adults with Alzheimer's parents

This study examines the relationship between fibrillar beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and reduced glucose metabolism, a proxy for neuronal dysfunction, in cognitively normal (NL) individuals with a parent affected by late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Forty-seven 40–80-year-old NL received positron emission tomography (PET) with ¹¹C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) and 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG). These included 19 NL with a maternal history (MH), 12 NL with a paternal history (PH), and 16 NL with negative family history of AD (NH). Automated regions of interest, statistical parametric mapping, voxel-wise intermodality correlations, and logistic regressions were used to examine cerebral-to-cerebellar PiB and FDG standardized uptake value ratios across groups. The MH group showed higher PiB retention and lower metabolism in AD regions compared with NH and PH, which were negatively correlated in posterior cingulate, frontal, and parieto-temporal regions (Pearson r ≤ −0.57, p ≤ 0.05). No correlations were observed in NH and PH. The combination of Aβ deposition and metabolism yielded accuracy ≥ 69% for MH vs. NH and ≥ 71% for MH vs. PH, with relative risk = 1.9–5.1 (p values < 0.005). NL individuals with AD-affected mothers show co-occurring Aβ increases and hypometabolism in AD-vulnerable regions, suggesting an increased risk for AD.