Immunohistochemical markers of cell proliferation in laryngeal carcinoma

Although several clinicopathological factors may contribute to the prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma, these factors are still uncertain because the carcinogenesis process and malignant behavior are not well known. Immunohistochemical methods using two important markers, PCNA and Ki67 antigen, were used to assess proliferative activity in malignant laryngeal lesions. We studied the correlation between expression of these markers and clinical factors in 72 patients with carcinoma of the larynx: age, sex, occupation, smoking, alcohol consumption, marital status, etc. We also analyzed other known biological and histopathological prognostic factors (tumor stage, histological grade, lymph node metastases, and local invasion). PCNA and Ki-67 expression differed significantly in relation to histological grade and lymph node involvement. No associations were seen between the expression of PCNA and Ki-67 antigens and other study parameters.     

Eating in larger groups increases food consumption

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether children's food consumption is increased by the size of the group of children in which they are eating. DESIGN: Crossover study. SETTING: University based preschool. PARTICIPANTS: 54 children, aged 2.5-6.5 years. INTERVENTIONS: Each child ate a standardised snack in a group of three children, and in a group of nine children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Amount each individual child consumed, in grams. RESULTS: Amount eaten and snack duration were correlated (r = 0.71). The association between group size and amount eaten differed in the short (<11.4 min) versus the long (> or =11.4 min) snacks (p = 0.02 for the interaction between group size and snack duration). During short snacks, there was no effect of group size on amount eaten (16.7 (SD 11) g eaten in small groups vs 15.1 (6.6) g eaten in large groups, p = 0.42). During long snacks, large group size increased the amount eaten (34.5 (16) vs 26.5 (13.8), p = 0.02). The group size effect was partially explained by a shorter latency to begin eating, a faster eating rate and reduced social interaction in larger groups. CONCLUSIONS: Children consumed 30% more food when eating in a group of nine children than when eating in a group of three children during longer snacks. Social facilitation of food consumption operates in preschool-aged children. The group size effect merits consideration in creating eating behaviour interventions.     

假肿瘤性胰腺炎的CT表现

目的 提高对慢性假肿瘤性胰腺炎的影像学特征的认识,材料与方法 回顾性分析１２例经临床、病理诊断的假肿瘤性胰腺炎的特点,结果 １２例均见胰产质肿块形成,大多为类圆形,直径为２．５～４ｃｍ,边缘规则,肿块较均质,如肿块较大,则密度不均,中心坏死,边缘不规则,８例肿块内有钙化,ＣＴ增强扫描肿块大多呈明显强化,１１例位于胰头部,１例位于胰体部,７例Ｂ超呈低回声,５例为不均匀回声,结论 假肿瘤性胰腺炎与胰腺     

Effects of early postnatal gonadal steroids on the successive conditional discrimination reversal learning in the rat

In the present study the existence of sex differences in the acquisition, retraining and reversal of a successive conditional discrimination learning (Experiment 1) and the role of the early postnatal gonadal steroids on these discrimination tasks (Experiment 2) were investigated. In Experiment 1 two groups of experimentally naive rats (males and females) were exposed to a black-white successive conditional discrimination task in a T-maze. No sex differences were found in the acquisition or retraining. However, in the reversal phase females made fewer errors and reached the discrimination criterion (90% of correct choices) sooner than males. In Experiment 2, the absence of sex differences in the acquisition or retraining phases and the existence of sexual dimorphism in the reversal period were confirmed. In addition, female androgenization and male orchidectomy, on day one after birth, reversed the direction of the sex differences found in the successive conditional discrimination reversal learning.     

One-stage correction of the spastic dislocated hip. Use of pericapsular acetabuloplasty to improve coverage.

We performed a combined one-stage approach for the treatment of eighteen spastic subluxated or dislocated hips in eleven children who had cerebral palsy. All patients were between five and thirteen years old and had spastic subluxation or dislocation of the hip and severe acetabular dysplasia. The operation consisted of release of the adductors, psoas, and proximal hamstrings; a femoral-shortening varusderotation osteotomy; and a pericapsular pelvic osteotomy. The pelvic osteotomy was designed to increase superolateral coverage of the femoral head in the elongated acetabulum, which had erosion of the superior and lateral aspects. At the latest follow-up (mean duration, six years and ten months), seventeen of the eighteen hips remained anatomically reduced.     

All currently used measurements of recirculation in blood access by chemical methods are flawed due to intradialytic disequilibrium or recirculation at low flow

Blood flows and recirculations with standard and reversed direction of lines were measured by chemical (urea and creatinine) and ultrasound dilution (saline) methods in 47 chronic hemodialysis patients. Thirty-seven patients had 47 dual-lumen, central vein (CV) catheters: 32 were PermCath (Quinton Instruments Company, Seattle, WA), 6 were Access Cath (MEDCOMP, Harleysville, PA), 3 were Soft Cell PC (Vas Cath, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) and 6 were SNIJ (experimental catheters). Three of these last catheters had the tip staggered 7 mm, and three had flush tips; PermCath, Access Cath, and Soft Cell PC catheters have the tips staggered 23 to 25 mm. Forty-six catheters were implanted into the superior vena cava/right atrium, and one catheter was implanted through the left saphenous vein into the left iliac vein. The catheters were studied 1 to 31 months after implantation (median, 3.0 months). Ten patients with arteriovenous (AV) graft access were also studied. The stop-flow method was used in catheter dialysis, and the slow-flow method was used to calculate recirculations in AV access dialysis with samples for systemic blood concentrations taken from arterial line both before and after samples from the arterial and venous lines. At 500 mL/min pump speed, actual blood flow was 436+/-18 mL/min (mean+/-SD; range, 407 to 464 mL/min) with standard direction of catheter lines. At 500 mL/min pump speed, the arterial chamber pressure was -330+/-48 mm Hg (mean+/-SD; range, -380 to -225 mm Hg, and the venous chamber pressure was 259+/-48 mm Hg (mean+/-SD; range, 140 to 310 mm Hg). Arterial chamber pressure was less negative, and venous chamber pressure was less positive with SNIJ catheters, which had larger internal diameter (2.1 mm) compared with the other catheters (2.0 mm). Recirculation varied with the catheter design and the location of the catheter tip. In the catheters with tip staggered more than 20 mm and with standard line connection at pump speeds of 50 mL/min and 500 mL/min, recirculations were approximately 1 % and 5%, respectively, when measured by the chemical method. In the same catheters with reversed lines, the recirculations were approximately 5% and 27%, respectively. Inflow failure catheters with reversed lines had similar recirculation values to those of well-functioning catheters with reversed lines. In catheters with tips staggered 7 mm, and with standard connection of lines, recirculations were approximately 3% and 8%, respectively, at pump speeds of 50 and 500 mL/min. With reversed lines, at the same pump speeds, the values were 7% and 12%, respectively. In flush-tip catheters, the recirculation was higher at a 50 mL/min pump speed (approximately 17%) than at a pump speed of 500 mL/min (approximately 13%). The ultrasound dilution method usually gave lower values than the chemical methods, most likely because of overestimation of recirculation by chemical methods. At least triplicate measurements are needed because single measurements by the ultrasound dilution method are associated with substantial variation. We conclude that both currently used methods (stop flow and slow flow) of taking systemic samples for measurements of recirculation by chemical methods are flawed because of disequilibrium and recirculation at low flow.     

Effects of indorenate on food intake: a comparison with fenfluramine and amphetamine

Indorenate (TR3369, 5-methoxytryptamine b-methylcarboxylate HCl) is a 5-HT₁-like receptor agonist with hypotensive activity. Here, we describe that indorenate also decreases food intake (ED₅₀ 26.1 mg/kg) without an appreciable effect in water intake (the estimated ED₅₀ for water was 589.8 mg/kg). The anorectic activity of indorenate was compared to the effects of amphetamine and other serotonin agonists; the effect of indorenate was smaller than those of the other compounds; however, the effect of indorenate was specific to food, whereas all the other drugs also produced significant decrements in water intake. The serotonin antagonists cinanserin, cyproheptadine, methergoline and methysergide effectively prevented the decrease in food intake produced by indorenate and fenfluramine. Haloperidol, a dopaminergic antagonist, was ineffective in preventing the effect of indorenate although it prevented the anorectic effect of amphetamine. The present results suggest the participation of serotoninergic, but not dopaminergic mechanisms, in the decrease in food intake produced by indorenate.