Ferroptosis,a Recent Defined Form of Critical Cell Death in Neurological Disorders

Ferroptosis is a recently defined form of cell death with the involvement of iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is distinct from apoptosis, autophagy and other forms of cell death. Emerging evidence suggested that iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation can be discovered in various neurological diseases, accompanied with reduction of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). In addition, ferroptotic inhibitors have been shown to protect neurons, and recover the cognitive function in disease animal models. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and reviews the contributions of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases (i.e. Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease), traumatic brain injury, as well as hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, to provide the current understanding of this novel form of cell death in neurological disorders.     

玻璃体切割联合双层膜剥除治疗特发性黄斑前膜

目的：对比分析玻璃体切割术行黄斑前膜剥除联合黄斑区内界膜剥除与单纯黄斑前膜剥除治疗特发性黄斑前膜(IERM)的疗效及安全性。

方法：回顾性病例对照研究。将2015-01/12在我院行手术治疗的IERM患者53例53眼纳入研究,根据手术方式不同分为单纯黄斑前膜剥除组(ERM组,21例21眼)和黄斑前膜剥除联合内界膜剥除组(ERM+ILM组,32例32眼),随访24mo,分别记录两组术前、术后1、3、12、24mo的最佳矫正视力(BCVA,LogMAR)、黄斑中心凹厚度(CMT)、术后并发症及复发情况,并进行统计学分析,比较两组结果差异有无统计学意义。

结果：ERM组术前及术后1、3、12、24mo BCVA分别为0.676±0.137、0.576±0.099、0.551±0.085、0.514±0.077、0.506±0.032; ERM+ILM组分别为0.659±0.132、0.582±0.111、0.578±0.101、0.523±0.062、0.511±0.081; 术后1、3、12、24mo 两组BCVA与术前比较均有不同程度改善(P<0.05); 术后1、3、12、24mo两组间比较,无显著差异(P>0.05)。ERM组术前及术后1、3、12、24mo CMT分别为461.14±13.477、402.36±11.346、368.52±13.216、325.24±8.246、273.29±8.973μm; ERM+ILM组分别为462.47±14.287、414.72±9.237、373.44±8.328、328.94±6.923、274.28±8.340μm; 术后1、3、12、24mo 两组CMT与术前比较均有不同程度下降(P<0.05); 术后1、3、12、24mo两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。患者53例53眼术后有3例3眼出现视网膜点状出血,其中ERM组1例1眼(5%)、ERM+ILM组2例2眼(6%),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。在随访的24mo内ERM组复发4例4眼(19%),ERM+ILM组无复发患者,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.020)。

结论：玻璃体切割术行黄斑前膜剥除联合黄斑区内界膜剥除治疗IERM安全有效,能降低IERM复发率。     

单节段与短节段椎弓根钉棒固定手术治疗单节段胸腰段椎体爆裂性骨折疗效的Meta分析

目的 :对单节段与短节段椎弓根钉棒固定手术治疗单节段胸腰段椎体爆裂性骨折的疗效进行Meta分析。方法:计算机检索Pubmed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、中国知网全文数据库等数据库,检索的主题词为"单节段(mono-segment pedicle instrumentation,MSPI或monosegmental pedicle instrumentation)"及"爆裂性骨折(burst fracture)",检索自建库起至2018年10月30日时的对照研究文献,语言限定为英文或中文。纳入关于单节段与短节段椎弓根钉棒固定手术治疗单节段胸腰段椎体爆裂性骨折的相关对照研究,患者年龄18岁,随访时间≥1年。对纳入文献进行质量评价,回顾性队列研究使用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(NOS),随机对照研究采用物理治疗证据数据库(Physiotherapy Evidence Database,PEDro)量表。利用Stata 12.0统计学软件进行数据分析,根据组间异质性以加权均数差(WMD)合并效应量,并计算其95%置信区间(95%CI),异质性较大者进行敏感性分析和亚组分析辨别其异质性来源。评价指标包括手术时间、术中出血量,术前、术后及末次随访时的视觉模拟评分(VAS)、椎体后凸角和椎体压缩率。结果:经过筛选共纳入6篇文献,其中2篇为随机对照研究,4篇为回顾性队列研究,共390例患者,单节段固定组190例,短节段固定组200例。质量评价提示纳入文献均属于高质量研究,其中4篇回顾性队列研究NOS评分为5～9分、2篇随机对照研究PEDro评分均为8分。单节段固定组的手术时间显著少于短节段固定组(WMD=-23.19,95%CI:-44.63,-1.75,P=0.034),术中出血量无显著性差异(P=0.10)。术前的椎体后凸角、椎体压缩率、VAS评分两组比较无显著性差异(P0.05);术后1周和末次随访时的椎体压缩率两组间无显著性差异(P0.05);椎体后凸角(WMD=0.67,95%CI:-0.48,1.83)和VAS评分(WMD=-0.39,95%CI:-0.60,-0.18)在术后1周时单节段固定组均优于短节段固定组(P=0.001,P0.0001),但在末次随访时两组无显著性差异(P=0.875,P=0.523)。经伤椎置钉的亚组分析表明,相比于跨伤椎固定组(WMD=-0.44,95%CI:-1.02,0.15),经伤椎固定(WMD=0.11,95%CI:-0.28,0.50)可显著改善末次随访时的VAS评分(P=0.006)。纳入文献经漏斗图及Egger′s检验无发表偏倚(P=0.055)。结论:在治疗单节段胸腰段椎体爆裂性骨折时,与短节段椎弓根钉棒固定相比,单节段椎弓根钉棒固定治疗具有手术时间短、术后短期疼痛轻与椎体后凸角度恢复好的优势,在随访1年时两者的临床疗效相当。     

Overview of organic anion transporters and organic anion transporter polypeptides and their roles in the liver

Organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs) are classified within two SLC superfamilies, namely, the SLC22A superfamily and the SLCO superfamily (formerly the SLC21A family), respectively. They are expressed in many tissues, such as the liver and kidney, and mediate the absorption and excretion of many endogenous and exogenous substances, including various drugs. Most are composed of 12 transmembrane polypeptide chains with the C-terminus and the N-terminus located in the cell cytoplasm. OATs and OATPs are abundantly expressed in the liver, where they mainly promote the uptake of various endogenous substrates such as bile acids and various exogenous drugs such as antifibrotic and anticancer drugs. However, differences in the locations of glycosylation sites, phosphorylation sites, and amino acids in the OAT and OATP structures lead to different substrates being transported to the liver, which ultimately results in their different roles in the liver. To date, few articles have addressed these aspects of OAT and OATP structures, and we study further the similarities and differences in their structures, tissue distribution, substrates, and roles in liver diseases.     

Esophageal Impedance/pH Monitoring in Pediatric Patients: Preliminary Experience with 50 Cases

This paper describes multiple intraluminal impedance (MII) in 50 children with typical and atypical gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms and discusses the possible clinical significance of objective numeric data provided by MII computed analysis. Patients underwent 24-hr pH/MII monitoring. Reflux parameters were analyzed with relation to age and reported symptoms. Nonacidic MII events occurred as frequently as acidic ones. A Pathologic Bolus Exposure Index associated with a normal pH Reflux Index was detected in 26% of our series. Significant correlations were found regarding acid and bolus clearing times and their ratio. We conclude that the low rate of symptom occurrence in the pediatric population represents a limit on MII evaluation. Our study confirmed that nonacid GER is at least as frequent as acid GER. As MII provides interesting objective data that could be used in clinical practice, we suggest further research to define normal ranges in the pediatric population.