Frontal Sinus Fracture: A Case Report

In today’s world high velocity trauma is not uncommon and most of the road traffic accidents involve trauma to head and neck region. For purposes of initial evaluation, Injury to the frontal bone should be regarded as head injuries. The majority of these patients are victims of automobile accidents or fall from height with multiple injuries requiring a multispecialty team approach and complete evaluation. The standard trauma protocol must be followed with emphasis on ensuring an adequate airway, breathing, circulation, central nervous system status, and cervical-spine. Any other life-threatening injuries take precedence over the sinus fracture. Management of a case of frontal sinus fracture with loss of anterior table is presented.     

Pathological evaluation of pancreatic exocrine glands in experimental fluorosis

ObjectiveTo monitor the pathological alterations in pancreas of rat during experimental fluorosis.MethodsSixty Sprague Dawley albino rats of both sexes were divided into 12 experimental groups and one control group. The rats of control group were administered subcutaneously double distilled water 1 mL/kg bw daily. The experimental groups were injected with 30, 45, and 75 mg NaF/kg bw/day. The experimental period was divided into 4 phases at interval of 15, 22, 30, and 36 days. Animals were sacrificed from each group at the end of 16, 23, 31, and 37 days.ResultsThe following changes were observed in this study: (1) Pathological examination of pancreas after 15 days of fluoride treatment revealed: hypertrophy of acini, leucocytes infilteration and pycnotic nuclei due to necrosis of acini in group 1; uremic alterations, invulsion and infoldings of reticular layer of islets of Langerhans in group 2; and a decrease in number of acini and interlobular connective tissues resulted in an increase in intercellular spaces in pancreas of rats in group 3. (2)Hyalinization and hypertrophy in the lobules of acini and hyperplasia and hypertrophy in intercalated duct with mucinous secretion in pancreas of rat of group 4; squamous metaplasia of pancreatic duct, adenoma of pancreas, hemorrhagic necrosis in group 5; and hyperplasia of acini and reduction in number of pancreatic islets in group 6. (3) Disorganization and atrophy of pancreatic lobules and presence of vacuoles in a group of six were visible in pancreas of rats in group 7; acute pancreatic and lamellated inflammatory cells in test rats of group 8; and islet adenoma and decrease in number of islets cells, and exudation in acini were noticed in experimental rats of group 9. (4) In the last phase of experimentation, atrophic alterations in pancreatic acini, invulsions, and necrosis was prominent in group 10, deep inflammation and proliferation of connective tissue of pancreas in experimental group 11, and periodical fibrosis, hyperplasia of acini, degenerative changes in pancreas of rats in group 12.ConclusionThe histopathological examination of pancreas of fluoridated rats exhibited structural alterations in the exocrine glands. The acini revealed hypertrophy, pyknotic nucleus, necrosis and uremic alterations. Acini became lobulated and reveal increased pigmentation.     

Liver ablation techniques: a review

Background  

Ablation techniques for unresectable liver carcinomas have evolved immensely since their introduction. Results of studies involving these techniques are restricted to reports of patient case series, which are often not presented in a standardised manner. This review aims to summarise the major studies in ablation technologies and present them in a way that may make comparison between the major modalities easier.     

Role of Glutathione-S-transferases in neurological problems

Introduction: Role of Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) has been well explored in the cellular detoxification process, regulation of redox homeostasis and S-glutothionylation of target proteins like JNK, ASK1 etc. However, altered levels or functions of this enzyme or their subtypes have emerged in the development of several pathologies diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cancer and related conditions. Oxidative stress is one of the possible pathological events that contributes significantly to activation of degenerating cascades inside neuronal cells. The central nervous system is highly sensitive to oxidative stress because of low levels or capacities of antioxidant enzymes. The brain is highly metabolic in nature making it susceptible to oxidative stress.

Areas covered: The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the multiple connections of GSTs within diverse neurological diseases including cancer. Furthermore, the authors have made significant efforts to discuss the regulation of different GST isoforms that have been associated with various pathological processes such as glioblastoma, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke and epilepsy.

Expert opinion: Though GSTs have been one of the key areas of scientific research over the last few decades, much remains to be elucidated about their physiological functions as well as pathological involvement of GSTs and their polymorphic variants.     

Plasma hepcidin levels in healthy children from Chandigarh,Northern India

Hepcidin is a key molecule involved in iron homeostasis. We measured hepcidin levels in 50 healthy children from Chandigarh, Northern India for establishing normal ranges. Hepcidin ranges (19.96-36.6 ng/mL; 0-2 years) and (9.54-36.15 ng/mL; 2-6 years) with mean (SD) of 32.5 (4.84) ng/mL, and 31.13 (6.62) ng/mL respectively were noted in study participants. The mean (SD) and ranges for plasma hepcidin in boys and girls in the study was 31.01 (6.71) ng/mL (9.54-36.6 ng/mL) and 32.7 (4.14) ng/mL (19-36.2 ng/mL), respectively.