Blood donation and transfusion practices: the 1990 American Association of Blood Banks Institutional Membership Questionnaire

Responses to the 1990 American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) Institutional Membership Questionnaire were submitted by 2126 regional blood centers, hospital-based blood banks, and transfusion facilities. Data from 2117 of these facilities were considered to be valid. The questionnaire included information on blood donor demographics, number of units collected, and collection procedures; services performed; usage of blood components; and transfusion-transmitted diseases reported during 1989. Institutional members collected 7.4 million whole blood units, of which 90.8 percent were donated for allogeneic use, 6.0 percent were donated for autologous use, and 3.2 percent were donated for directed use. Approximately 630,546 allogeneic and directed-use blood donors were deferred, most often for low hemoglobin or hematocrit values. Approximately 225,205 full allogeneic and directed-donor units were discarded, primarily for elevated alanine aminotransferase levels or the presence of hepatitis B core antibody. The 14.3 million transfused components included 56.7 percent red cell-containing components, 27.4 percent platelets, 11 percent fresh-frozen plasma, and 4.8 percent cryoprecipitate. Institutional members reported 1397 cases of transfusion-associated hepatitis. In this group, 921 patients were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen after the transfusion; 339 (36.8%) were found to be hepatitis B surface antigen positive. The AABB Institutional Questionnaire results provide recent data on blood donor and transfusion-related activities that are vital to the evaluation of current transfusion medicine practices.     

A STUDY OF NEUROKININS AND OTHER OEDEMA-INDUCING MEDIATORS AND MECHANISMS IN THERMAL INJURY

1. Mechanisms involved in the plasma extravasation observed following thermal injury of rat dorsal skin were investigated. 2. Heat applied to the dorsal skin of anaesthetized rats by a temperature-controlled skin heater (1 cm diameter) for 5 min induced temperature-dependent plasma protein extravasation a. 48–48.5°C, measured for up to 4 h following initiation of heat. 3. A tachykini. NK₁ receptor antagonist (SR140333), a bradykinin B₂ receptor antagonist (HOE 140) and a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin), when given as cotreatments prior to the selected measurement period, markedly suppressed oedema formation observed over 0–1 h (P < 0.05) but not that observed over 3–4 h after injury. 4. These results indicate that although neurokinins, bradykinin and cyclo-oxygenase products may be important for the early response to thermal injury, they do not appear to play an important role in the ongoing oedem. response. 5. Neutrophils accumulate at the inflammatory site by 4h after thermal injury. Therefore, the effect of depletion of circulating neutrophils by a rat anti-neutrophil antiserum on oedema formation over the 0–4 h period was investigated. The results show that oedema formation was similar in control and antineutrophil-treated rats. 6. In conclusion, the data from the present study indicate that neuropeptides as well as other vasoactive mediators play a role in the acute plasma extravasation observed after thermal injury, but not in the ongoing inflammatory injury. Neutrophils, despite their presence at sites of thermal injury, do not appear to be involved in mediating the oedema formation observed up to 4 h after thermal injury.     

Experiences of mental health discrimination in New Zealand

Discrimination against people with experience of mental illness is a recognised problem, and there is a lack of information in New Zealand regarding the nature of this discrimination. The Like Minds, Like Mine project is a New Zealand initiative to combat the stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness. This paper reports on a study undertaken as part of this initiative, and describes the nature of discrimination that people with experience of mental illness face in New Zealand. A written survey was undertaken with people with experience of mental illness from throughout New Zealand, using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative questions. This questionnaire was distributed throughout the country in 2003, using a variety of distribution methods, and 785 responses were received and analysed from people self-identifying as having experienced mental illness. Respondents reported discrimination in all areas of their lives. The most commonly reported areas were discrimination by friends and family (59%), a fear of being discriminated against (46%), and discrimination in looking for employment (34%) and mental health services (34%). Discrimination can limit the participation of people with experience of mental illness in our society. We all need to examine our own attitudes and behaviours and take responsibility for discrimination.     

肠脂垂炎:急腹症的鉴别诊断

肠脂垂为沿结肠带两侧分布的许多小突起,长度0.5-5.0cm,     

Tight glycemic control in the ICU - is the earth flat?

Tight glycemic control in the ICU has been shown to reduce mortality in some but not all prospective randomized control trials. Confounding the interpretation of these studies are differences in how the control was achieved and underlying incidence of hypoglycemia, which can be expected to be affected by the introduction of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). In this issue of Critical Care, a consensus panel provides a list of the research priorities they believe are needed for CGM to become routine practice in the ICU. We reflect on these recommendations and consider the implications for using CGM today.Continuous glucose control in the ICU: report of a 2013 Round Table meeting, published in this issue of Critical Care[1], summarizes the discussion and recommendations of a round table meeting on the management of blood glucose levels in the ICU. The self-selected panel of authors recommends eight areas where it believes research is needed, beginning with head-to-head comparisons of different continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices and ending with randomized controlled studies validating closed-loop insulin delivery.Appropriately, the recommendations focus on what is needed to advance CGM into the ICU and do not address whether tight glycemic control is beneficial or what the appropriate target range should be. Nonetheless, the answers to these questions will impact the importance of the recommendations. Of the prospective randomized controlled studies performed to date, many have failed to show a clinical benefit to tight glycemic control (TGC) - including our own study in children less than 3 years of age following cardiac surgery [2]. Our current study assessing the possible benefit of TGC in hyperglycemic critically ill children with cardiovascular and/or respiratory failure ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01565941","term_id":"NCT01565941"}}NCT01565941) seeks to answer the question whether control in the target range 80 to 110 mg/dL results in better outcomes than control in the 150 to 180 mg/dL target range. Clearly, if the 80 to 110 mg/dL range proves beneficial, the need to introduce CGM into the ICU will be paramount as this target range is difficult to achieve without increasing the incidence of hypoglycemia. This may be less important if the 150 to 180 mg/dL range is shown to be equally effective. It is possible that TGC with CGM will reduce glucose variability irrespective of the target range, and the panel’s recommendations appropriately call for study of the effect of different treatment algorithms on this metric. However, it should be noted that the evidence the authors cite supporting the importance of glycemic variability [3] is based on retrospective analysis, which cannot be used to infer causality.Still, the question remains as to how best to manage glucose levels in critically ill patients today. Putting aside whether control in a low target range is better than in a higher range, or whether a reduction in glucose variability per se improves clinical outcomes, there are low and high glucose levels that would be treated today in virtually every ICU. Every effort needs to be made to avoid these ends of the spectrum. To this end, one might ask whether CGM devices should be used in the ICU now. One can correctly infer from the recommendations that there have been no head-to-head comparisons of different CGM devices, and that the trends reported have also not been validated. Likewise, investigators who have established insulin protocols at their institutions might ask whether the protocols need to be re-evaluated given the marked differences in insulin recommendations noted by Wilson and colleagues [4] in work highlighted by the consensus panel. Our own review of TGC protocols concurs with that of Wilson and colleagues [4] in that we also noted substantive differences among the existing protocols [5]; however, we concluded that virtually all the protocols could be expected to achieve and maintain their desired target glucose ranges and each could be reasonably expected to benefit from the use of CGM devices.     

世界胃肠病学组织(WGO-OMGE)临床指南——发展中国家幽门螺杆菌感染

我非常高兴向大家推荐这份发展中国家幽门螺杆菌（H．priori）临床指南。该指南的编译是由数位在该领域具有丰富临床经验的世界知名专家共同完成的。