2-哌啶乙醇的制备

4-哌啶乙醇(1)可用作医药中间体,在二氧化铂催化下,用4-吡啶乙醇(3)在冰乙酸中氢化还原可得到1,收率82%[1,2].也可用浓盐酸-乙醇(3:10)作溶剂,但收率仅67.6%[3].本研究用4-甲基吡啶(2)和甲醛在水中加热回流反应20h得到3[4],再在10%Pd-C催化下于冰乙酸中氢化还原得到1,收率91%(以3计).     

菟丝子中槲皮素药代动力学研究

目的建立菟丝子中槲皮素的含量测定方法,研究槲皮素体内动力学规律.方法建立快速敏感的高效液相色谱-紫外检测法(HPLC-UV),以卡马西平为内标,以菟丝子灌胃给药后,大鼠含药血清样品经液-液萃取后在C18反相色谱柱上进行分离测定.结果槲皮素血药浓度在0.05～9μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998).方法回收率为86.65～99.07%,提取回收率为79.91～84.56%,最低检测限为0.05μg/mL.结论槲皮素在大鼠体内的动力学过程表现为具吸收的二室开放模型,其中t1/2(Ab)=0.13h,t1/2(α)=0.19h,t1/2(β)=1.22h,tmax=0.333h.实验结果可为菟丝子在临床用药的安全性和有效性提供依据.     

Role of mouse CYP2E1 in the O-hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol: comparison of activities in hepatic microsomes from Cyp2e1(-/-) and wild-type mice.

Enzymatic activities are routinely used to identify the contribution of individual forms of cytochrome P450 in a particular biotransformation. p-Nitrophenol O-hydroxylation (PNPH) has been widely used as a measure of CYP2E1 catalytic activity. However, rat and human forms of CYP3A have also been shown to catalyze this activity. In mice, the contributions of CYP3A and CYP2E1 to PNPH activity are not known. Here we used hepatic microsomes from Cyp2e1(-/-) and wild-type mice to investigate the contributions of constitutively expressed and alcohol-induced murine CYP2E1 and CYP3A to PNPH activity. In liver microsomes from untreated mice, PNPH activity was much greater in wild-type mice compared with Cyp2e1(-/-) mice, suggesting a major role for CYP2E1 in catalyzing PNPH activity. Hepatic PNPH activities were not significantly different in microsomes from male and female mice, although the microsomes from females have dramatically higher levels of CYP3A. Treatment with a combination of ethanol and isopentanol resulted in induction of CYP3A proteins in wild-type and Cyp2e1(-/-) mice, as well as CYP2E1 protein in wild-type mice. The alcohol treatment increased PNPH activities in hepatic microsomes from wild-type mice but not from Cyp2e1(-/-) mice. Our findings suggest that in untreated and alcohol-treated mice, PNPH activity may be used as a specific probe for CYP2E1 and that constitutively expressed and alcohol-induced forms of mouse CYP3A have little to no role in catalyzing PNPH activity.     

老年高血压病患者大动脉扩张性的临床研究

目的 探讨老年高血压病患者大动脉扩张性的改变及其相关因素。方法 应用脉搏波传导速度(PWV)自动测量系统测定颈动脉-股动脉PWV作为反映大动脉扩张性的参数。对118例老年高血压病患者进行了PWV检测,其中男87例,女31例,年龄64-83岁,平均(67.12±10.26)岁。结果 118例老年高血压病患者的研究结果显示PWV随年龄的增大而增加(P<0 001)。多元逐步回归分析结果表明年龄、收缩压与反映大动脉扩张性的PWV关系密切(P<0.001)。结论 老年高血压病导致大动脉扩张性降低,年龄、收缩压与患者大动脉扩张性密切相关。     

鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性和氨基糖苷类修饰酶、β-内酰胺酶基因研究

目的了解我国浙江湖州地区鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)耐药性和氨基糖苷类修饰酶、β-内酰胺酶基因存在状况. 方法收集2000年7月～2002年12月分离自浙江湖州地区住院患者60株鲍氏不动杆菌进行耐药性和9种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、2种β-内酰胺酶基因检测. 结果该60株菌已呈多重耐药;49株检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(81.7%);9种基因由高到低的检出率分别为:ant(3″)-Ⅰ(60.0%)、aac(6′)-Ⅰ(55.0%)、aac(3)-Ⅰ(51.7%)、ant(2″)-Ⅰ(20.0%)、aac(3)-Ⅳ(15.0%)、aac(3)-Ⅱ(11.7%)、aac(6′)-Ⅱ(10.0%)、aph(3′)-Ⅵ(3.3%)、aac(3)-Ⅲ(0);本研究ant(3″)-Ⅰ(AY551438)、aac(6′)-Ⅰ(AY536063)、aac(3)-Ⅰ(AY529103) 序列已登录GenBank;β内酰胺酶基因检出率分别为:TEM 100%、SHV 30.0%;本研究TEM-1(AY263331)、TEM-128(AY359287)、SHV-12(AY259163)、SHV-48(AY259164)、SHV-56(AY352599)序列已登录GenBank. 结论我国浙江湖州地区ABA菌已呈多重耐药;氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、β内酰胺酶基因携带率较高.     

栀子酸调节胆汁淤积大鼠SHP-LRH-1信号通路的实验研究

目的：研究栀子酸(geniposidic acid,GPA)对α-萘异硫氰酸酯(α-naphthyl isothiocyanate,ANIT)诱导胆汁淤积 大鼠胆汁酸代谢小分子异源二聚体伴侣受体(small heterodimer partner,SHP)与肝受体同源物1(liver receptor homologue 1,LRH-1)信号通路的调节。方法：将50只SD大鼠随机分为5组,分别为空白组、ANIT组、ANIT+GPA 100 mg/kg组 (AG100组)、ANIT+GPA 50 mg/kg组(AG50组)、ANIT+GPA 25 mg/kg组(AG25组),每组10只,连续给药10 d,空白组和 ANIT组用生理盐水灌胃,ANIT+GPA各组给予GPA,给药的第8天,除空白组外,其余各组用ANIT(65 mg/kg)灌胃1 次造模,继续给药至第10天,测血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)和总胆汁酸(total bile acids,TBA)的含量;分离并培养大鼠原代肝细胞(rat primary hepatocytes,RPH),将RPH分为空白组、40 μmol/L ANIT 组、40 μmol/L ANIT+GPA 4.00,1.00,0.25 mmol/L组(A4G,A1G和A0.25G组),real-time RT-PCR检测RPH中SHP和胆汁 酸合成关键酶胆固醇7α羟化酶(cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1,CYP7a1) mRNA转录水平,蛋白印迹法检 测SHP和CYP7a1蛋白表达;沉默实验中,将RPH分为空白对照组、阴性转染组、siRNA-LRH-1组(ZR组)、siRNA-LRH- 1+GPA 4.00,1.00,0.25 mmol/L组(ZR4G、ZR1G、ZR0.25G组),检测SHP,CYP7a1和LRH-1蛋白和基因的表达;过表 达实验中,将RPH又分为空白对照组、阴性转染组(空白转染siRNA-阴性组)、LRH-1过表达组(LRH-1过表达质粒,OE 组)、LRH-1过表达质粒+GPA 4.00,1.00,0.25 mmol/L组(OE4G,OE1G,OE0.25G组),检测SHP,CYP7a1和LRH-1蛋 白和基因的表达。结果：在体实验中,与空白对照组比较,ANIT组的TC和TBA均显著升高(均P<0.01)、TG无差别; 与ANIT组比较,AG100组和AG50组的TC和TBA均显著降低(均P<0.01)。RPH实验中,与空白对照组比较,ANIT组中 SHP的蛋白和基因水平均显著降低(均P<0.01),CYP7a1的蛋白和基因水平均显著升高(均P<0.01);与ANIT组比较, A4G和A1G组的SHP基因和蛋白水平均显著升高(均P<0.01),A0.25G组SHP基因和蛋白水平均升高(P<0.05),A4G和A1G 组的CYP7a1基因和蛋白水平均显著降低(均P<0.01)。LRH-1沉默实验中,与阴性转染组比较,ZR组中CYP7a1和LRH-1 蛋白和基因均显著抑制(均P<0.01),SHP无变化;与ZR组比较,ZR4G,ZR1G和ZR0.25G组SHP基因和蛋白水平均显 著升高(均P<0.01),LRH-1和CYP7a1无显著变化。LRH-1过表达实验中,与阴性转染组比较,OE组的CYP7a1和LRH-1 蛋白和基因均显著抑制(均P<0.01),SHP无变化;与OE组比较,OE4G和OE1G组SHP基因和蛋白水平均显著升高(均 P<0.01),OE0.25G组SHP基因显著升高(P<0.05),LRH-1和CYP7a1无显著变化。结论：RPH中LRH-1的过表达能上调 CYP7a1的活性,GPA可以改善ANIT诱导的胆汁淤积大鼠的生物化学水平和肝脏病理,其机制可能与GPA激活大鼠 RPH中SHP造成LRH-1的消耗来降低CYP7a1的表达有关。     

JunD在浸润性乳腺癌分子亚型中的表达及意义

【目的】分析JunD在浸润性乳腺癌分子亚型及乳腺良性恶性病变中的表达差异及临床意义。【方法】采用免疫组织化学SP法检测JunD在160例浸润性乳腺癌组织、191例乳腺增生组织及20例正常乳腺组织中的表达情况,分析JunD在浸润性乳腺癌分子亚型及乳腺增生性病变中的的表达差异及临床意义。【结果】①与其他分子亚型相比较,JunD在浸润性乳腺癌TNBC亚型中的表达水平明显升高（P<0.05）,其他亚型之间两两比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。②JunD在乳腺癌组织中的表达水平明显低于乳腺增生组织及正常乳腺组织（P<0.01）。③JunD在乳腺癌组织中的高表达率与低组织学分级相关（P<0.01）,与肿物直径大小、年龄、淋巴结转移、ER、PR及临床分期无关（P>0.05）。【结论】JunD在浸润性乳腺癌TNBC亚型中显著高表达,有可能为TBNC亚型乳腺癌患者个性化靶向治疗提供一定方向;JunD在乳腺癌组织中的表达水平明显低于乳腺增生组织及正常乳腺组织,有利于乳腺良恶性病变的鉴别诊断。     

Insulin resistance: a risk marker for disease and disability in the older person

Clinical metabolic studies have demonstrated that insulin action declines progressively with age in humans. In addition to its close association with Type 2 diabetes, which reduces life expectancy in older people, age‐related insulin resistance is implicated in pathogenesis of several highly prevalent disorders for which ageing is a major risk factor. These include atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, dementia, frailty and cancer. Accordingly, insulin resistance may be viewed as biomarker of age‐related ill health and reduced lifespan. The rapidly rising number of older people, coupled with a high prevalence of insulin resistance resulting from obesity and sedentary lifestyles, presents unprecedented public health and societal challenges. Studies of centenarians have shown that preserved whole‐body sensitivity to insulin is associated with longevity. The mechanisms through which insulin action is associated with age‐related diseases remain unclear. Changes in body composition, i.e. sarcopenia and excess adiposity, may be more potent than age per se. Moreover, the impact of insulin resistance has been difficult to disentangle from the clustering of vascular risk factors that co‐segregate with the insulin resistance–hyperinsulinaemia complex. Potentially modifiable mediators of age‐related changes in insulin sensitivity include alterations in adipocytokines, impaired skeletal myocyte mitochondrial function and brown fat activity. The hypothesis that improving or maintaining insulin sensitivity preserves health and extends lifespan merits further evaluation. Practical non‐pharmacological interventions directed against age‐related insulin resistance remain underdeveloped. Novel metabolically active pharmacological agents with theoretical implications for some age‐related disorders are entering clinical trials. However, recent adverse experiences with the thiazolidinediones suggest the need for a cautious approach to the use of insulin sensitizing drugs in older people. This could be particularly important in the absence of diabetes where the risk to benefit analysis may be less favourable.     

Spectral Shift Originating from Non-linear Ultrasonic Wave Propagation and Its Effect on Imaging Resolution

An amplitude-dependent downshift in the fundamental wave spectrum of a propagating ultrasonic pulse caused by non-linear wave propagation is described. The effects of non-linearity and the associated downshift on spatial resolution are also studied. The amounts of downshift and spatial resolution are extracted from the numerically simulated beam profile based on the KZK equation. Results for a 25-MHz transducer reveal that non-linear effects can lead to 58% additional downshift in the centre frequency of a pulse compared with a linear case with downshift caused only by attenuation. This additional downshift causes about 50% degradation in axial resolution. However, as the beam becomes narrower from the non-linear effects, the overall effect of non-linearity still leads to improved lateral resolution (≤26%). Therefore, as non-linearity increases with wave pressure, it is concluded that the increase in source pressure improves lateral resolution and degrades axial resolution.