Growth and nutritional status of the Evenki reindeer herders of Siberia

This study examines physical growth and nutritional status in a sample of 478 (247 males; 231 females) Evenki herders of Central Siberia. The Evenki display slow growth in stature and body weight, particularly during late childhood and adolescence. Adult males fall below the U.S. 5th percentiles for both stature and body weight. Adult females are below the 5th percentile for stature and approximate the 15th percentile for weight. Despite their diminutive size, the Evenki appear to have adequate energy reserves, as indicated by their skinfold measurements, which range between the U.S. 15th and 50th percentiles. Among adults, women are relatively heavier and fatter than men and tend to increase in weight and fatness with age. Poor growth in the Evenki does not appear to be directly attributable to limited food availability. Rather, it is hypothesized that elevated metabolic requirements, associated with adaptation to a high latitude ecosystem, are responsible for limiting the amount of energy that is allocated to growth. Relatively high levels of adiposity in adult females appear to be the product of changes in activity patterns and fertility levels that resulted after the collectivization of the Evenki. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Reliability of the acetabular teardrop as a landmark

Summary This study investigated the effect of tilt and observer reliability on radiographic measurements of the position of a prosthetic acetabular cup in seven dry bone pelves using the teardrop as a landmark. Coronal or sagittal tilt of more than five degrees was easily recognisable and there was effectively no observer variation in the measurements up to this limit. In addition, 90 out of 100 randomly selected antero-posterior pelvic radiographs from an outpatient department were not significantly rotated and 93 demonstrated a clearly defined teardrop. Measurements about the teardrop on routine radiographs are therefore sufficiently accurate to allow assessment of prosthetic position.

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La valeur du sourcil cotyloidien comme repère d'analyse radiologique

Résumé Cette étude, conduite sur 7 bassins secs, apprécie l'effet de l'inclinaison du bassin sur la qualité de l'analyse radiographique de la position d'une cupule prothétique de hanche en utilisant le sourcil cotyloïdien comme repère. Une inclinaison du bassin dans les plans coronal et sagittal est aisément détectable et il n'existe pas de variation d'analyse entre les différents observateurs en dessous de 5° d'inclinaison. De plus, sur 100 radiographies antéro-postérieures de bassin choisies au hasard dans les dossiers de consultation, 90 avaient été réalisées sans incidence particulièrement adaptée et l'on pouvait repérer facilement le sourcil sur 93% d'entre elles. Les mesures faites sur des radios de routine sont donc suffisamment précises pour permettre l'évaluation de la position d'une prothèse à partir du sourcil cotyloïdien.

     

Otoacoustic emissions as a screening test for hearing impairment in children recovering from acute bacterial meningitis

OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) as a screening test for hearing impairment in children with acute bacterial meningitis. Hearing tests were performed before discharge from the hospital in an attempt to improve coverage and avoid delays in the diagnosis of postmeningitic hearing loss. METHODS: Children with bacterial meningitis were recruited from 21 centers. In the 48 hours before discharge from the hospital, all patients underwent a thorough audiologic assessment consisting of transient evoked OAEs, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), otoscopy, and tympanometry. Hearing loss was defined as ABR threshold >/=30 dB. The results of OAE screening were compared with the gold standard of ABR threshold. RESULTS: Of 124 children recruited, we were able to perform both OAEs and ABRs on 110 children. Seven (6.3%) of the 110 children had ABR threshold >/=30 dB; 2 had sensorineural hearing loss and 5 had conductive hearing loss. At follow-up, hearing loss persisted in both cases of sensorineural hearing loss and no new cases were identified. All 7 children with hearing loss failed the OAE screening test. Ninety-four children with normal hearing thresholds passed the test, and 9 failed. Thus, the screening test had a sensitivity of 1.00 (95% confidence interval, 0.59 to 1.00), a specificity of 0.91 (0.85 to 0.97), a positive predictive value of 0. 44 (0.20 to 0.70), and a negative predictive value of 1.00 (0.96 to 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: OAE screening in children recovering from meningitis was found to be feasible and effective. The test was highly sensitive and reasonably specific. Inpatient OAE screening should allow early diagnosis of postmeningitic hearing loss and prompt auditory rehabilitation.     

Screening for medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency using electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

OBJECTIVE: To establish criteria for the diagnosis of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency in the UK population using a method in which carnitine species eluted from blood spots are butylated and analysed by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). DESIGN: Four groups were studied: (1) 35 children, aged 4 days to 16.2 years, with proven MCAD deficiency (mostly homozygous for the A985G mutation, none receiving carnitine supplements); (2) 2168 control children; (3) 482 neonates; and (4) 15 MCAD heterozygotes. RESULTS: All patients with MCAD deficiency had an octanoylcarnitine concentration ([C8-Cn]) > 0.38 microM and no accumulation of carnitine species > C10 or < C6. Among the patients with MCAD deficiency, the [C8-Cn] was significantly lower in children > 10 weeks old and in children with carnitine depletion (free carnitine < 20 microM). Neonatal blood spots from patients with MCAD deficiency had a [C8-Cn] > 1.5 microM, whereas in heterozygotes and other normal neonates the [C8-Cn] was < 1.0 microM. In contrast, the blood spot [C8-Cn] in eight of 27 patients with MCAD deficiency > 10 weeks old fell within the same range as five of 15 MCAD heterozygotes (0.38-1.0 microM). However, the free carnitine concentrations were reduced (< 20 microM) in the patients with MCAD deficiency but normal in the heterozygotes. CONCLUSIONS: Criteria for the diagnosis of MCAD deficiency using ESI-MS/MS must take account of age and carnitine depletion. If screening is undertaken at 7-10 days, the number of false positive and negative results should be negligible. Because there have been no instances of death or neurological damage following diagnosis of MCAD deficiency in our patient group, a strong case can be made for neonatal screening for MCAD deficiency in the UK.