Buoyancy and sedimentation of human X- and Y-bearing sperm

The buoyant and sedimentation behaviors of human X- and Y-bearing sperm were examined in discontinuous density gradients of Nycodenz. The washed sperm placed at the bottom of the discontinuous density gradients of Nycodenz (23-50% in 3% steps) were centrifuged at 250 x g for various periods. The buoyant velocity of X-bearing sperm was faster than that of Y-bearing sperm. The sedimentation profiles of human sperm in the discontinuous density gradients of Nycodenz (4-20% in 2% steps) showed that X-bearing sperm sedimented faster than Y-bearing sperm. The separation of X- and Y-bearing sperm by means of centrifugation usually have been based on the assumption that smaller Y and larger X chromosomes might provide the difference in their apparent densities. The present results suggest that the separation cannot be due merely to a difference in their densities.     

Glucose-induced responses of insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide in various animal models

In order to clarify the role of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in an enteroinsular axis, 19 healthy mongrel dogs were divided into following groups: 5 normal dogs (N), 4 dogs with gastrojejunostomy (GJ), 5 dogs with duodenal fistula (D) and 5 vagotomized dogs (V). Four weeks after the operation glucose was administered orally or intraduodenally in a conscious state. In group D, glucose administration was repeated under atropine injection (A). Glucose-induced response of plasma GIP was exaggerated in all the groups compared with group N. The regression equation reported by Lauritsen and Moody was obtained in each dog from the ratio of plasma insulin to blood glucose and from plasma GIP. The slope of the regression line was elevated in group GJ and reduced in group V. However, groups D and A did not reveal any difference in the slope of the regression line compared with group N. From the present study, it might be concluded that the B-values in Lauritsen and Moody's equation indicates the sensitivity of the B cell in the pancreatic islet and that GIP secretion plays an important role in the glucose-induced insulin response even in the conditions with various surgical modifications.     

Serotonin and tryptamine metabolism in the acute hepatic failure model: changes in tryptophan and its metabolites in the liver, brain and kidney

When heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes, a gram-positive anaerobe, is intravenously injected into mice followed by an intravenous injection of gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 7 days later, most of the mice die of massive hepatic cell necrosis within 24 hours of LPS injection. Using this experimental model, acute hepatic failure was induced in mice, and the tryptophan metabolism in the liver, brain and kidney was studied. As a result, the tryptophan level was remarkably high in all three organs, and the metabolism of both the tryptamine pathway and serotonin pathway was induced. However, in the brain, the tryptamine metabolism was more induced compared to the serotonin, suggesting that the metabolites of tryptamine, may be involved in hepatic encephalopathy.     

Spermidine/Spermine N-Acetyltransferase, a New Biochemical Marker for Epithelial Proliferation in Rat Bladder

We examined the activity of spermidine/spermine N ¹-acetyltransferase (SAT), a rate-limiting enzyme of the biodegradation of polyamines, in N -butyl- N -(4–hydroxybutyI)nitrosamine-induced transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and melamine-induced papillomatosis of rat bladder, and compared the activity to that of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Both activities were higher in both lesions than in control rats. The difference between SAT and ODC activities in cancerous tissue and papillomatosis was not significant. Cells stained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were abundant in papillomatosis. TCC had areas with much PCNA. The results indicated that an elevation of SAT activity occurs in both reversible and irreversible proliferation of bladder epithelium and could be important in bladder carcinogenesis.     

Cystic radiolucencies of carpal bones, distal radius and ulna as a marker for dialysis-associated amyloid osteoarthropathy.

Patients on long-term hemodialysis (HD) are known to develop amyloid osteoarthropathy, evidenced as cystic radiolucencies on X-rays of the affected joints. To study the relationship between cystic radiolucencies and amyloid osteoarthropathy in 394 patients, we classified the severity of the cystic radiolucencies seen in the wrist joint on a 4-point scale and evaluated the association between lesion severity (grade) and several parameters. Biopsy was performed in 8 patients with 11 bone cysts of the wrist joint who had been operated for carpal tunnel syndrome. HD for 10 years or longer, age 50 or older and the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome were associated with severe cyst rating. There was no association between lesion grade and serum level of PTH-C, aluminum or beta 2-microglobulin (B2M). Ten of the 11 biopsied bone cysts in 8 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome demonstrated amyloid deposits which reacted with B2M. We conclude that a cystic radiolucency observed in the wrist joint of a patient undergoing HD indicates the deposition of amyloid. The cyst grade provides a useful marker for the severity of amyloid osteoarthropathy in HD patients.     

The relationship between cerebral white matter changes, mental function and blood pressure in normal elderly

The authors examined the relationship between cerebral white matter changes and mental function, blood pressure in 39 neurologically normal aged (21 males, 18 females, mean age 75.0 years) who had no latent lesions on MRI images. The severity of cerebral white matter changes was estimated by T1 value images on MRI and was measured in the bilateral frontal lobe on an axial slice at the level of the basal ganglia and in the bilateral anterior, middle, and posterior portions on axial slices at the level of the body of the lateral ventricle. Mental function was measured by the Hasegawa's dementia rating scale (HDS) and Kohs' block design test (Kohs' test). The severity of cerebral frontal white matter changes increased significantly with age (p less than 0.05). However there was no significant correlation between the severity of cerebral white matter changes and HDS, Kohs' test. The severity of frontal white matter changes correlated with the mean arterial blood pressure (p less than 0.02). These results suggest that the severity of cerebral white matter changes is not related with mental function in the normal elderly, and that the severity of frontal white matter lesions is related with mean arterial blood pressure.