The influence of smoking on the level of lower limb amputation

A review of smoking habits of 77 vascular related amputees demonstrated a high incidence of smoking significantly greater for men than in the general population. Male smoking amputees with atherosclerosis related peripheral vascular disease were found to have a high risk of having an above-knee amputation. Those with diabetes mellitus whether male or female, smokers or not, had a significantly greater chance of having a below-knee amputation. Overall, non-smokers were found more likely to have a below-knee amputation than an above-knee (p less than 0.05).     

Tumour dormancy: initiation, maintenance and termination in animals and humans

The authors review the natural occurrence of tumour dormancy in man and animal models, which show the importance of cellular defence mechanisms in inducing and maintaining the state of tumour dormancy. Six cases of non-small-cell lung cancer are described. The patients exhibited moderate to very strong delayed hypersensitivity reactions to soluble lung-cancer antigen after specific immunotherapy. Three patients had nonregional metastases at 11, 12 and 14 years. Two had regional recurrence after 9 years, and in one patient a small hilar-node metastasis was found at autopsy after 7.6 years. In each case an immunodepressive event or drug treatment preceded resurgent growth. The effect of renal transplantation in patients with a history of surgery for cancer supports the conclusion that cellular defence mechanisms are crucial for the maintenance of tumour dormancy in man.     

Structural and histochemical features of the avian blood-brain barrier

We have investigated the structural and histochemical features of the blood-brain barrier (b-bb) in both adults and embryos of chicken (Gallus domesticus, White Leghorn) and quail (Corturnix coturnix japonica). We found that brain endothelial cells of both species are characterized structurally by tight junctions, a low density of pinocytotic vesicles, and a moderately elevated density of mitochondria. Both alkaline phosphatase and butyryl cholinesterase were found in adult quail brain capillaries, but only alkaline phosphatase was found in adult chick brain capillaries. Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase was not found in brain capillaries of either species. In the chick embryo alkaline phsophatase appeared during the time when b-bb matures functionally; i.e., during the third week of development. However, an elevation in mitochondrial density was not apparent until after hatching. In the quail, alkaline phosphatase and butyrl cholinesterase appeared during the last week of embryonic development. By 2 days posthatching the structural characteristics of the brain capillaries were similar to those in the adult.     

The effect of baseline complex ovarian cysts on in vitro fertilization outcome.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of baseline complex ovarian cysts on controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis with stratification by stimulation regimen and the presence or absence of surgically documented endometriosis. PATIENTS: Two hundred sixty-one women undergoing IVF from May 1, 1989 to December 31, 1990. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures assessed were the maximum estradiol (E2) concentration on day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration, number of follicles with maximum diameter greater than or equal to 15 mm, number of follicles with maximum diameter greater than or equal to 12 mm, number of days to hCG administration, number of ampules of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) used, number of oocytes retrieved and fertilized, number of embryos transferred, and pregnancy and cycle cancellation rates. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between cyst and noncyst groups in any of the above parameters of IVF performance. In a single subgroup, patients with endometriosis stimulated with hMG and patients with cysts had significantly lower E2 concentrations than patients without cysts. CONCLUSION: The presence of a complex cyst on a baseline ultrasound does not appear to adversely affect IVF cycle outcomes.     

A case of mosaic trisomy 2 diagnosed at amniocentesis in an abnormal fetus and confirmed in multiple fetal tissues

Pseudomosaicism for trisomy 2 is a relatively common finding at amniocentesis. However, genuine trisomy 2 mosaicism is extremely rare. As a result, very few cases have been described and little information is available with which to counsel the parents of an affected fetus. We describe a case of mosaic trisomy 2 diagnosed at amniocentesis in a fetus with multiple anomalies on ultrasound scan. Following termination of pregnancy, the fetus was found to have mild dysmorphic features, together with an absent gall bladder, cystic left kidney, a 13th left rib and mild unilateral talipes. The presence of trisomy 2 cells was confirmed by both standard cytogenetic analysis and fluorescent in-situ hybridisation techniques in multiple fetal tissues, as well as in the cord and placenta.     

Correlates of cognitive dysfunction in an ambulatory elderly population

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were studied in an ambulatory elderly population to identify correlates with self-reported signs, symptoms, diseases, drugs and laboratory values. A total of 1,264 subjects were studied including 844 women and 420 men. In this study, 5.0% of men and 5.3% of women scored less than 24 on the MMSE. A linear-regression model revealed eleven factors of significance in predicting scores on the MMSE. The most important predictors were age (p less than 0.0001), self-reported memory loss (p less than 0.0001), complaints of swollen feet or ankles (p less than 0.0010), the total number of diseases reported (0.0006) and the serum lactate dehydrogenase concentration (p less than 0.0098). Results suggest that cognitive function in the elderly is not related to the general level of health or consistently affected by specific disease states.     

Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor,nitro-iminoethyl-L-ornithine,reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbit skeletal muscle

Nitric oxide (NO), originally identified as the mediator of endothelial-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, is now known to also have cytotoxic effects under certain conditions. Thus, we have investigated the effects of inhibition of NO synthesis on ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rabbit rectus femoris muscle. Three and a half hours of ischemia and 24 hours of reperfusion resulted in a 56% loss of viability. In muscles receiving an infusion of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NIO (30 μM), the loss of viability was reduced to 15%. Post-ischemic blood flow was increased in muscles receiving a saline infusion, whereas there was a marked decrease in blood flow for at least the first 60 minutes of reperfusion in muscles treated with L-NIO (30 μM). The increase in myeloperoxidase levels (indicative of neutrophil accumulation) following 24 hours of reperfusion was attenuated with L-NIO infusion by approximately 50% and the reperfusion-induced edema was also attenuated in L-NIO treated muscle. These findings suggest that endogenous NO production during ischemia/reperfusion injury may be deleterious to muscle survival. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire change version (DTSQc) evaluated in insulin glargine trials shows greater responsiveness to improvements than the original DTSQ

Background  

The results of using status measures to identify any changes in treatment satisfaction strongly suggest a need for specific change instruments designed to overcome the ceiling effects frequently observed at baseline. Status measures may leave little room to show improvement in situations where baseline ceiling effects are observed. A change version of the DTSQ (DTSQc) is compared here with the original status (now called DTSQs) version to test the instruments' comparative ability to demonstrate change.