言语流畅的测量及其神经生理基础

目的:介绍言语流畅性的测量工具,考察言语流畅性与记忆之间的关系,探讨言语流畅性的神经生理基础。资料来源:应用计算机检索Sciencedirect 1975-07/2005-05中与言语流畅性相关的文献,检索词为“verbal fluency”,限定文章语言种类为英文。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选取文章标题中含有“verbal fluency”的英文文献。纳入标准:①对言语流畅性测量任务的研究。②对言语流畅性与记忆的研究。③对言语流畅性神经生理基础的研究。资料提炼:共收集到651篇关于言语流畅性的文章,纳入30篇用于本综述。资料综合:测量言语流畅性的任务主要分为简单任务(包括音位流畅性任务和语义流畅性任务)与复杂任务(包括可能工作、替代使用、草拟、推断、物品制作以及新的使用方法等)。言语流畅性任务的完成主要涉及到记忆搜索的过程,另外,精细组织的语义网络系统对于言语流畅性任务来说也是非常重要的。言语流畅性的神经生理基础包括了总体基础,前额叶,海马以及大脑两半球的不对称性。结论:言语流畅性作为人类语言基本技能的一项指标,对语言认知研究具有极其重要的意义。它不仅是神经心理研究的一项非常重要的检测和诊断指标,也是一种研究人类心理的非常有用的研究工具,是探索人类语言与认知、创造之迷进而探索人类意识之迷的钥匙。     

Glucocorticoids are not always deleterious for bone

A 23‐year‐old man with the rare sclerosing bone disorder van Buchem disease presented with progressively worsening headaches that eventually became persistent and associated with papilledema. Increased intracranial pressure was diagnosed, and the patient had a ventriculoperitoneal drain inserted as well as simultaneously receiving treatment with prednisone. Before starting treatment, there was biochemical evidence for increased bone turnover and for steady increases in bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine and total hip despite the patient having reached his peak height of 197 cm at the age of 19 years. Treatment with prednisone for 2 years resulted in biochemical and histologic suppression of bone formation as well as of bone resorption and arrest of further bone accumulation. Our data suggest that glucocorticoids (GCs) may represent an attractive alternative to the high‐risk surgical approaches used in the management of patients with progressive sclerosing bone disorders. Our findings also suggest that whereas sclerostin may not be required for the action of GCs on bone formation, it may well be important for the action of GCs on bone resorption. The exact mechanism by which sclerostin may be involved in the regulation of bone resorption is as yet to be explored. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

LOX family enzymes expression in vaginal tissue of premenopausal women with severe pelvic organ prolapse

Introduction and Hypothesis  

The extracellular matrix proteins collagen and elastin provide tissue strength and resilience, whereas lysyl oxidase enzymes play a major role in their stabilization. This study examines the expression and tissue localization of lysyl oxidase family proteins in the anterior vaginal wall of premenopausal women with advanced pelvic organ prolapse (POP, n = 15) and asymptomatic controls (n = 11). All women were in the proliferative phase of menstrual cycle.     

阿司匹林与结直肠癌存活率的关系

背景及目的：随机对照临床试验已经表明阿司匹林可降低结直肠癌的发生风险,动物实验还发现其可抑制肿瘤生长与转移,但阿司匹林与已确诊结直肠癌患者存活率的关系仍不可知.本研究探讨了在已确诊的结直肠癌患者中,阿司匹林与结直肠癌总体存活率的关系.     

聚乙二醇干扰素α（-2b或α-2a与利巴韦林联合治疗丙型肝炎疗效比较

背景及目的：随机对照临床试验已经表明阿司匹林可降低结直肠癌的发生风险,动物实验还发现其可抑制肿瘤生长与转移,但阿司匹林与已确诊结直肠癌患者存活率的关系仍不可知.本研究探讨了在已确诊的结直肠癌患者中,阿司匹林与结直肠癌总体存活率的关系.     

神经外科中高渗盐注射液应用研究进展

控制脑水肿和颅内压(ICP)升高是神经外科围手术期治疗的重要组成部分.颅脑创伤、动脉梗塞、静脉高压/梗塞、大脑内出血、蛛网膜下腔出血、肿瘤和术后脑组织水肿的治疗过程中ICP的控制都是决定患者预后的关键因素.虽然利用渗透压脱水药物是控制ICP的最基础的工具,但却缺乏前瞻性研究以指导其运用,高渗盐被认为是甘露醇的替代物,早期的数据表明每种药的用药指征最终取决于ICP的病因.在这篇综述中,我们总结了有关高渗盐(HS)治疗颅内高压的相关数据,以及这些数据和我们有关HS的经验是如何指导目前的ICP治疗的.     

Initiation of insulin glargine therapy in type 2 diabetes subjects suboptimally controlled on oral antidiabetic agents: results from the AT.LANTUS trial

Objective: For many patients with type 2 diabetes, oral antidiabetic agents (OADs) do not provide optimal glycaemic control, necessitating insulin therapy. Fear of hypoglycaemia is a major barrier to initiating insulin therapy. The AT.LANTUS study investigated optimal methods to initiate and maintain insulin glargine (LANTUS^®, glargine, Sanofi-aventis, Paris, France) therapy using two treatment algorithms. This subgroup analysis investigated the initiation of once-daily glargine therapy in patients suboptimally controlled on multiple OADs. Research Design and Methods: This study was a 24-week, multinational (59 countries), multicenter (611), randomized study. Algorithm 1 was a clinic-driven titration and algorithm 2 was a patient-driven titration. Titration was based on target fasting blood glucose ≤100 mg/dl (≤5.5 mmol/l). Algorithms were compared for incidence of severe hypoglycaemia [requiring assistance and blood glucose <50 mg/dl (<2.8 mmol/l)] and baseline to end-point change in haemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c). Results: Of the 4961 patients enrolled in the study, 865 were included in this subgroup analysis: 340 received glargine plus 1 OAD and 525 received glargine plus >1 OAD. Incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was <1%. HbA_1c decreased significantly between baseline and end-point for patients receiving glargine plus 1 OAD (−1.4%, p < 0.001; algorithm 1 −1.3% vs. algorithm 2 −1.5%; p = 0.03) and glargine plus >1 OAD (−1.7%, p < 0.001; algorithm 1 −1.5% vs. algorithm 2 −1.8%; p = 0.001). Conclusions: This study shows that initiation of once-daily glargine with OADs results in significant reduction of HbA_1c with a low risk of hypoglycaemia. The greater reduction in HbA_1c was seen in patients randomized to the patient-driven algorithm (algorithm 2) on 1 or >1 OAD.     

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-5 greatly enhance the interaction of human eosinophils with opsonized particles by changing the affinity of complement receptor type 3

Eosinophil functions can be modulated by several cytokines such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin- 3 (IL-3), and IL-5. We have investigated the modulatory role of these cytokines on the interaction of human eosinophils with opsonized particles (serum-treated zymosan [STZ]). Addition of STZ to eosinophils isolated from the peripheral blood of normal human donors resulted in an interaction of the STZ particles with only 15% to 25% of the cells. Treatment of the eosinophils with GM-CSF, IL-3, or IL-5 strongly enhanced both the rate of particle binding and the percentage of eosinophils binding STZ. The effect of the cytokines is most likely mediated by a change in affinity of the complement receptor type 3 (CR3) on the eosinophils for the complement fragment iC3b on the STZ particles. This is indicated by the observation that (1) the effect of the cytokines on STZ binding was prevented by a monoclonal antibody against the iC3b-binding site on CR3 and (2) the enhanced binding was already apparent before upregulation of CR3 on the cell surface was observed. In a previous study, similar results were obtained with platelet-activating factor (PAF)-primed eosinophils. Because we found that the cytokines strongly enhanced the STZ-induced PAF synthesis, we investigated the role of both released PAF and cell-associated PAF in the priming phenomenon by the cytokines. Cytokine priming appeared to be largely independent of the synthesis of PAF.