Free amino acids in stimulated and unstimulated whole saliva: advantages or disadvantages

This study determines the mean concentrations of free amino acids in stimulated and unstimulated whole saliva in healthy young adults. Standardised salivary amino acids as a substitute for their counterpart in blood, searched for the source of free amino acids in saliva, the probable correlation between particular amino acids with caries experience. Stimulated and unstimulated whole saliva were collected by the draining method in 31 dental students. Saliva was purified, and amino acids were separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography. DMFT scores were recorded, and the relation of amino acids to caries experience was explored by generalised linear model. Almost all amino acids had higher concentration in unstimulated whole saliva than in stimulated saliva. The normal range of amino acids (95% CI) and their natural logarithm were defined. There was a significant relationship between caries experience and threonine (P < 0·008), citrulline (P < 0·023) and ornithine (P < 0·001) as a detrimental factor, whereas serin (P < 0·026), glutamine (P < 0·015) and phenylalanine (P < 0·014) had an inhibiting effect on caries. However, in comparison, salivary flow rate (P < 0·013) was a more preventive factor than amino acids. Amino acids in saliva contribute as a marker, instead of their counterpart in blood. Unstimulated saliva had higher concentration of amino acids. Amino acids have different impact on caries and may be one of underlying risk factors for caries experience.     

Herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus genital infections: new and investigational therapeutic options

Human papillomavirus and Herpes simplex virus are the most common genital viral infections encountered in clinical practice worldwide. We reviewed the literature focusing on new and experimental treatment modalities for both conditions, based on to the evidence‐based data available. The modalities evaluated include topical agents such as immune response modifiers (imiquimod, resiquimod, and interferon), antivirals (penciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet), sinecatechins, microbiocidals (SPL7013 gel, and PRO 2000 gel), along with experimental (oligodeoxynucleotides), immunoprophylactic, and immunotherapeutic vaccines.     

Extraction,characterization and biocompatibility evaluation of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin collagen

Collagen as a biomaterial is commonly obtained from terrestrial animals. However, nowadays, the use of collagen with terrestrial animals' sources due to possible transmission of infectious diseases and religious beliefs is restricted. This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical characterization, morphology, and biocompatibility of extracted collagen from silver carp fish skin by-product. Type I collagen was extracted from the silver carp fish skin by-product using acetic acid and pepsin enzyme. The results showed that the extraction yield of ASC and PSC was 43% and 59% (on a dry weight basis), respectively. The presence of two different α-chains confirmed the type I collagen structure for both collagens. Moreover, FTIR spectra investigation demonstrated the triple helical in ASC and PSC collagens. The PSC showed higher imino acids content than ASC. Hence, the fractional viscosity and DSC curves revealed higher denaturation temperature (30 °C), shrinkage temperature (81 °C), and melting temperature (209 °C) for PSC than ASC (29 °C, 77 °C, and 187 °C, respectively). Finally, observations of the microscopic and the cell viability evaluation confirmed biocompatibility and suitable structure to cell growth. Accordingly, the obtained collagen from silver carp fish skin can be a proper alternative for terrestrial animals’ collagen and a safe biomaterial for biomedical use.     

Rosai‐Dorfman disease presenting with solitary liver mass without lymphadenopathy: A case report

Rosai‐Dorfman disease (RDD), as a lymphoproliferative disorder with unknown etiology, is commonly identified with systemic clinical manifestations in various organs. In this case study, RDD occurrence was reported with an exceedingly liver mass.