Grape polyphenols corrects ageing-related detriments in neutrophil functionality via modulation of specific molecular targets

Oxidative stress and inflammation are intricately interlinked as aetiological factors in the context of ageing and chronic disease-related accelerated ageing. Previous research by our group has highlighted the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of grape-derived polyphenols in the context of acute inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim here was to add to this by assessing efficacy of the treatment (acutely) to address ageing-associated cumulative pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory changes in an in vitro model. Blood from young and aged humans was analysed for baseline oxidative stress and inflammatory status. Isolated neutrophils were acutely exposed to the polyphenol treatment in vitro. The chemokinetic capacity of treated and control neutrophils in response to fMLP was subsequently determined in a Dunn chamber, using live cell imaging. Neutrophils were also analysed for the expression of selected molecular markers associated with functional capacity and oxidative stress. Results indicate that the aged population had significantly worse oxidative stress and inflammatory profiles (higher plasma conjugated dienes and MPO) than young controls. Neutrophils isolated from both young and aged individuals had improved chemokinetic accuracy and capacity after in vitro polyphenol treatment. Additionally, increased shedding of CD16 and expression of CD66b suggested sites via which the polyphenol achieved improved neutrophil motility. We conclude that grape seed-derived polyphenols facilitated improved neutrophil functionality by acting on the molecular targets elucidated here.     

Calibration and validation of toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic models for three neonicotinoids and some aquatic macroinvertebrates

Ecotoxicology - Exposure patterns in ecotoxicological experiments often do not match the exposure profiles for which a risk assessment needs to be performed. This limitation can be overcome by...     

Injection Drug Use Trajectories among Migrant Populations: A Narrative Review

Background: Dual epidemics of injection drug use and blood-borne disease, characterized as “syndemics,” are present in a range of settings. Behaviors that drive such syndemics are particularly prevalent among mobile drug-using populations, for whom cross-border migration may pose additional risks. Objectives: This narrative review aims to characterize the risk factors for injection drug use initiation associated with migration, employing a risk environment framework and focusing on the San Diego–Tijuana border region as the most dynamic example of these phenomena. Methods: Based on previous literature, we divide migration streams into three classes: intra-urban, internal, and international. We synthesized existing literature on migration and drug use to characterize how mobility and migration drive the initiation of injection drug use, as well as the transmission of hepatitis and HIV, and to delineate how these might be addressed through public health intervention. Results: Population mixing between migrants and receiving communities and the consequent transmission of social norms about injection drug use create risk environments for injection drug use initiation. These risk environments have been characterized as a result of local policy environments, injection drug use norms in receiving communities, migration-related stressors, social dislocation, and infringement on the rights of undocumented migrants. Conclusion: Policies that exacerbate risk environments for migrants may inadvertently contribute to the expansion of epidemics of injection-driven blood-borne disease. Successful interventions that address emerging syndemics in border regions may therefore need to be tailored to migrant populations and distinguish between the vulnerabilities experienced by different migration classes and border settings.     

Extracellular vesicles released in response to respiratory exposures: implications for chronic disease

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are secreted signaling entities that enhance various pathological processes when released in response to cellular stresses. Respiratory exposures such as cigarette smoke and air pollution exert cellular stresses and are associated with an increased risk of several chronic diseases. The aim of this review was to examine the evidence that modifications in EV contribute to respiratory exposure-associated diseases. Publications were searched using PubMed and Google Scholar with the search terms (cigarette smoke OR tobacco smoke OR air pollution OR particulate matter) AND (extracellular vesicles OR exosomes OR microvesicles OR microparticles OR ectosomes). All original research articles were included and reviewed. Fifty articles were identified, most of which investigated the effect of respiratory exposures on EV release in vitro (25) and/or on circulating EV in human plasma (24). The majority of studies based their main observations on the relatively insensitive scatter-based flow cytometry of EV (29). EV induced by respiratory exposures were found to modulate inflammation (19), thrombosis (13), endothelial dysfunction (11), tissue remodeling (6), and angiogenesis (3). By influencing these processes, EV may play a key role in the development of cardiovascular diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and possibly lung cancer and allergic asthma. The current findings warrant additional research with improved methodologies to evaluate the contribution of respiratory exposure-induced EV to disease etiology, as well as their potential as biomarkers of exposure or risk and as novel targets for preventive or therapeutic strategies.     

Enhanced terminal room disinfection and acquisition and infection caused by multidrug-resistant organisms and Clostridium diffcile(the Benefits of Enhanced Terminal Room Disinfection study):a cluster-randomised,multicentre,crossover study

中文:背景患者入院后可从不当消毒的环境表面获得多药耐药菌和艰难梭菌。本文确定了3种强化的终末消毒(入住同一病房的两名患者之间的消毒)策略,对感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)、艰难梭菌(CD)和多重耐药不动杆菌的影响。方法本文在美国东南部的9家医院开展了一项务实的、集群-随机、交叉研究。凡曾有感染或定植目标细菌感染患者居住过的病房,患者出院后随机采取4种消毒策略中的一种方法进行终末消毒:对照(季胺盐类消毒剂消毒,但凡遇到CD采用含氯消毒剂);UV(季胺盐类+UV-C消毒,但凡遇到CD采用含氯消毒剂+UV-C);含氯消毒剂;含氯消毒剂+UV-C。凡入住目标病房的患者被列为暴露人群。这4种终末消毒方法分别在每家医院连续实施7个月的周期。本文随机设计这几种消毒策略在每家医院内的实施顺序(1:1:1:1)。主要产出的结果是,观察暴露患者中目标细菌的感染的发生或定植情况,以及ITT人群中暴露患者CD感染发生率。本研究ClinicalTrials.gov注册编号:NCT01579370。结果共有31 226名患者暴露,其中21 395(69%)符合标准,包括4 916名对照组,5 178名UV组,5 438名含氯消毒剂组,以及5 863名含氯消毒剂+UV组。在对照组中,22 426个暴露日中有115名患者发生目标细菌的感染(51.3/10000暴露日)。在标准清洁策略的基础上增加UV消毒的暴露患者,其目标细菌感染的发生率明显较低(n=76;33.9/10 000暴露日;RR:0.70,95%CI:0.50～0.988;P=0.036)。含氯消毒剂组(n=101;41.6/10 000暴露日;RR:0.85,95%CI:0.69～1.04;P=0.116),或含氯消毒剂+UV组患者(n=131;45.6/10 000暴露日;RR:0.91,95%CI:0.76～1.09;P=0.303)的目标细菌的感染率,其差异无统计学意义。同样,在含氯消毒剂的基础上增加UV消毒,暴露患者中CD感染率也没有发生改变((n=38 vs 36;30.4 vs 31.6/10 000暴露日;RR:1.0,95%CI:0.57-1.75;P=0.997)。解释污染的医疗机构环境是获得病原微生物的重要来源;强化终末消毒可以降低这一风险。     

El Registro de Gemelos de Murcia. Un recurso para la investigación sobre conductas relacionadas con la salud

Genetically informative designs and, in particular, twin studies, are the most widely used methodology to analyse the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to inter-individual variability. These studies basically compare the degree of phenotypical similarity between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. In addition to the traditional estimate of heritability, this kind of registry enables a wide variety of analyses which are unique due to the characteristics of the sample. The Murcia Twin Registry is population-based and focused on the analysis of health-related behaviour. The observed prevalence of health problems is comparable to that of other regional and national reference samples, which guarantees its representativeness. Overall, the characteristics of the Registry facilitate developing various types of research as well as genetically informative designs, and collaboration with different initiatives and consortia.     

Nuevos retos en gestión de vectores en salud pública: la mosca negra en Murcia (España)

Historically, no black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) nuisance has been reported in the Murcia Region. Back in September 2016 the Ojós City Council has contacted the Regional Public Health General Directorate for help regarding a local insect nuisance, most probably based on mosquitoes. After sampling with a BG-sentinel 2 trap, collecting adult specimens with an entomological aspirator, and collect larvae and pupae on submerged giant cane stalks at the river, it turned out that Simulium sergenti was the insect species causing the nuisance. This species is not considered particularly anthropophilic; therefore, a low vector risk for human health was considered. However, the high fly density impaired the life quality of the people at the village. A management plan was recommended, treating the river with Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis.