In vivo biological response following low-dose interleukin-2 in complete remission B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to verify whether recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) at low doses is well tolerated in aggressive lymphoma in complete remission (CR), and if there may be a biological justification for its use as a remission-maintenance therapy able to reduce the percentage of relapses. We treated 6 patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL) in CR following PM-Cytabom with rIL-2 3 IMU s.c. x 5 d per wk, every other wk for 8 wk. Our results show that this treatment provokes statistically significant changes in the absolute number of lymphocytes, eosinophils, CD25+ and CD122+ cells and soluble IL-2 receptors; these doses, however, are not sufficient to modify CD3+, CD16+ and CD56+ cell values or natural killer and lymphokine activated killer cell activity. Thus these findings do not appear to constitute a biological rationale for the use of rIL-2 at this dose and schedule as a remission-maintenance therapy in B-cell NHL. Nevertheless, the results are a valid basis for further study of the use of the same rIL-2 doses for a longer period of time in combination with other cytokines, in the hope that the biological effects can be augmented without increasing the toxic side effects.     

Evolution of the bacteria responsible for surgical infection. n 8-year study in our department]

Since 1981 we monitored all the bacteria strains isolated from patients bearing a surgical infection and hospitalized in our department. We also tested the susceptibility of the isolated strains to different antibiotics. The observed results at three different intervals (1981, 1984, 1987-1988) reveal an increase in Gram+strains. Among the tested antibiotics Imipenem and Amikacin showed the highest antibacterial activity in recent years (1987-1988).     

Intestinal Microflora Settlement in Patients with Jejunoileal Bypass for Morbid Obesity

Intestinal microflora settlement was evaluated in this retrospective study of 49 patients with jejunoileal bypass who required reoperation. Colonic microflora was observed in the samples of the contents of the functioning jejunum and ileum but not in 55% of the samples from the middle of the excluded loop. Colonization of the excluded loop was not detected in patients without clinical signs of bacterial overgrowth but was significantly frequent (p < 0.01) in those with clinical signs (bloating, migratory arthralgias, rashes, skin lesions). However, positive excluded loop cultures were not always associated with clinical manifestations. No significant correlation was observed between bacteriology of the contents of the excluded loop and bypass results. The success of an intestinal bypass may depend not only on anatomic and functional adaptation to the new, surgically created conditions, but also to the attainment of microbiological equilibrium in the intestinal ecosystem.     

Nested multiplex PCR assay for detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish and sewage

Environmental samples and contaminated shellfish present frequently low concentrations of more than one viral species. For this reason, a nested multiplex RT-PCR was developed for the detection of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and hepatitis A viruses in different environmental samples such as urban sewage and shellfish. This assay will save time and cost for detection of these enteric viruses with a smaller sample volume, which otherwise can be a limiting factor in routine analysis. The limit of detection was approximately 1 copy for adenovirus and 10 copies for enterovirus and hepatitis A virus per PCR reaction using titrated cell-cultured viruses as template material. In shellfish and environmental samples, this multiplex PCR was optimized to detect all three viruses simultaneously when the concentration of each virus was equal or lower than 1000 copies per PCR reaction. This is the level found predominantly in the environment and in shellfish when the numbers of fecal bacterial and phage indicators are low. The detection of human adenoviruses by PCR has been suggested as a molecular index of fecal contamination of human origin in the environment and food and the multiplex assay developed may be a tool for evaluating the presence of viral contamination in shellfish and water and to expand microbiological control to include viral markers.     

GAT-1 developmental expression in the rat cerebellar cortex: basket and pinceau formation

In view of the key role exerted by neurotransmitter transporters in the synaptic transmission, the expression of GABA transporter GAT-1 was analysed during cerebellar development, when relevant processes of synapse maturation take place. GAT-1-immunoreactive (IR) structures started to be detected on PD 8-9, at the low molecular and Purkinje cell layer, coincident with the onset of functional inhibitory synapses on Purkinje neurons. By PD 18, GAT-1-IR structures completely ensheathed the Purkinje cell somata thus outlining the characteristic perisomatic formation, whereas GAT-1 wrapping on the axon initial segment started to be detected only at PD 15, and the mature form of the pinceau was fully developed from PD 23 on. These results, when compared with the functional maturation of the GABAergic input to Purkinje cells, indicate that GAT-1 may play a significant role in the differentiation of basket interneuron-Purkinje cell circuit.     

Gravity responses of Purkinje cells in the nodulus

Summary In cats, either decerebrated or under chloralose anaesthesia, Purkinje cells (P-cells) of the cerebellar nodulus have been examined with the animal under static lateral tilt (roll±20°). The cell activity was extracellularly recorded and both simple and complex spike discharge patterns were studied.In 20 cells out of a population of 198, simple spike firing was found to be affected by static roll. Ten cells had an -type response, 8 a -type, while only single examples of and activations were found.Out of 67 Purkinje cells tested for complex spike activation, 5 were found to be sensitive to static roll, 4 with an or response and one with a response.The results are to be attributed to pure otolith activation and show that this input is able to modulate P-cell activity in the nodulus through both the mossy fibre and the climbing fibre systems.     

Quantitative evaluation of crossed and uncrossed projections from basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cat thalamus

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of crossed vs uncrossed projections from the substantia nigra, entopeduncular nucleus and individual cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus was undertaken in nine adult cats using retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent dyes. The results indicate that about 90% of entopeduncular nucleus neurons and 50% of substantia nigra neurons give rise to ipsilateral projections to the thalamus whereas the contralateral component of these projections originates from about 10 and 7% neurons of entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra, respectively. Some of the fibers constituting the contralateral component are represented by branching axon collaterals of the neurons projecting ipsilaterally. In the basal ganglia thalamic projection, its minor component (contralateral) targets the ventral anterior and ventral medial nuclei the same as its major component (ipsilateral). However, some preferential distribution of the contralateral projections to the ventral medial nucleus appears to exist. In regard to the cerebellothalamic projections it was found that about 90% of neurons located in the dentate and interpositus nuclei and 50% of neurons in the fastigial nucleus project to the contralateral thalamus while 16% of dentate nucleus neurons and 40% of fastigial nucleus neurons give rise to the ipsilateral cerebellothalamic projections. A considerable number of ipsilateral cerebellothalamic fibers are represented by divergent axon collaterals of the same neurons projecting to the contralateral thalamus. The cerebellothalamic projections from all cerebellar nuclei including the fastigial nucleus are targeted primarily to the ventral lateral nucleus both contra- and ipsilaterally. The ventral medial nucleus receives bilateral input from the fastigial nucleus which originates from about one quarter of the thalamus projecting neurons in this nucleus. Of all other cerebellar nuclei only the dentate nucleus projects to the ventral medial nucleus and this projection is exclusively contralateral.     

Antibody Production,Anaphylactic Signs,and T-Cell Responses Induced by Oral Sensitization With Ovalbumin in BALB/c and C3H/HeOuJ Mice

PurposeTwo mouse strains, BALB/c and C3H/HeOuJ, broadly used in the field of food allergy, were compared for the evaluation of the allergenic potential of ovalbumin (OVA).MethodsSensitization was made by administering 2 different OVA doses (1 and 5 mg), with cholera toxin as Th2-polarizing adjuvant. Antibody levels, severity of anaphylaxis, and Th1 and Th2 responses induced by the allergen were assessed. In addition, because the mice selected had functional toll-like receptor 4, the influence of contamination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the immunostimulating capacity of OVA on spleen cells was also evaluated.ResultsBoth strains exhibited similar susceptibility to OVA sensitization. The 2 protein doses generated similar OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 levels in both strains, whereas C3H/HeOuJ mice produced significantly more IgG2a. Oral challenge provoked more severe manifestations in C3H/HeOuJ mice as indicated by the drop in body temperature and the severity of the anaphylactic scores. Stimulation of splenocytes with OVA led to significantly higher levels of Th2 and Th1 cytokines in BALB/c, and these were less affected by protein contamination with LPS.ConclusionsThe antibody and cytokine levels induced by OVA in BALB/c mice and the observation that BALB/c spleen cell cultures were more resistant than those of C3H/HeOuJ mice to the stimulus of LPS make this strain prone to exhibit Th2-mediated food allergic reactions and very adequate for the study of the features of OVA that make it allergenic.     

Starch thickening of human milk is ineffective in reducing the gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants: a crossover study using intraluminal impedance

We evaluated the efficacy of the thickening of human milk by precooked starch in reducing gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants. Five preterm infants with frequent regurgitations (median gestational age, 28 weeks; range, 27 to 32 weeks; median birth weight, 990 g; range, 570 to 1900 g) were fed alternately during 24 hours with four meals of fortified maternal milk (milk A) and four meals of fortified maternal milk thickened by 1.5 g of precooked starch per 100 mL of milk (milk B). The acidic and buffered refluxes were detected by simultaneous pH monitoring and multiple intraluminal impedance. Eight feeding periods for each baby were recorded. The number of the acidic (34 after milk A vs 36 after milk B) and buffered (112 after milk A vs 134 after milk B) episodes of gastroesophageal reflux did not differ. Thickening human milk by precooked starch is ineffective in reducing gastroesophageal reflux in premature infants.