IgD production and other lymphocyte functions in HIV infection: immaturity and activation of B cells at different clinical stages.

T and B cell function, in particular IgD production in vitro, were studied across the spectrum of HIV infection in homosexual men and compared with seronegative homosexual and heterosexual male controls. Proliferation to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was reduced most strikingly in symptomatic HIV infection; it was also impaired in HIV seronegative homosexual men and there was no difference between these and asymptomatic HIV seropositives or those with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL). Spontaneous IgG and IgM production were increased in patients with PGL and Kaposi's sarcoma; pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced production of IgG and IgM was reduced in all HIV infected subjects. Spontaneous production of IgD was highest in asymptomatic HIV infection, with raised values also seen in PGL and AIDS with opportunist infection; IgD production was suppressed by PWM in the same groups. These data indicate an increase in circulating immature B cells. Markers of B cell immaturity and polyclonal activation are apparent to differing degrees at different stages of HIV infection.     

Immunological analysis of the zinc-binding peptides of surface metalloproteinase (gp63) of Leishmania major.

The surface metalloproteinase, gp63, is highly conserved and immunogenic. A peptide spanning the zinc-binding region of the molecule is immunogenic and can induce protective immunity in mice against Leishmania major infection. We report here that the minimum length of the immunogenic peptide in this region is a heptapeptide, VVTHEMA, corresponding to residues 161-167. Optimal immunogenicity is conferred by a decapeptide, LVTVVTHEMA, corresponding to residues 158 to 167, where H and E are consensus zinc-binding residues. These two residues determine the specificity of the peptide. The next two residues, M and A are necessary for the immunogenicity of the peptide. These results suggest that the zinc-binding residues are recognized by the T-cell receptor complex, while the two adjacent residues are involved in the peptide presentation by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule.     

Sensitivity of megavoltage photon beam Monte Carlo simulations to electron beam and other parameters

The BEAM code is used to simulate nine photon beams from three major manufacturers of medical linear accelerators (Varian, Elekta, and Siemens), to derive and evaluate estimates for the parameters of the electron beam incident on the target, and to study the effects of some mechanical parameters like target width, primary collimator opening, flattening filter material and density. The mean energy and the FWHM of the incident electron beam intensity distributions (assumed Gaussian and cylindrically symmetric) are derived by matching calculated percentage depth-dose curves past the depth of maximum dose (within 1% of maximum dose) and off-axis factors (within 2sigma at 1% statistics or less) with measured data from the AAPM RTC TG-46 compilation. The off-axis factors are found to be very sensitive to the mean energy of the electron beam, the FWHM of its intensity distribution, its angle of incidence, the dimensions of the upper opening of the primary collimator, the material of the flattening filter and its density. The off-axis factors are relatively insensitive to the FWHM of the electron beam energy distribution, its divergence and the lateral dimensions of the target. The depth-dose curves are sensitive to the electron beam energy, and to its energy distribution, but they show no sensitivity to the FWHM of the electron beam intensity distribution. The electron beam incident energy can be estimated within 0.2 MeV when matching either the measured off-axis factors or the central-axis depth-dose curves when the calculated uncertainties are about 0.7% at the 1 sigma level. The derived FWHM (+/-0.1 mm) of the electron beam intensity distributions all fall within 1 mm of the manufacturer specifications except in one case where the difference is 1.2 mm.     

HIV-1 RNA levels and development of clinical disease in two different adolescent populations

HIV infection rates in American youth continue to increase unabated. As adolescent-specific therapeutic interventions are planned, information on HIV infection's course and its predictors becomes critically important for valid and precise study design. We report on age-specific disease rates stratified by estimated time since infected and predictors of HIV disease progression through four clinical categories in two distinct adolescent populations. Adolescents with hemophilia infected through contaminated blood products showed disease progression rates of 18 to 23 events per 100 person-years (PYs) by age and years infected. Predictors of first progression included HIV-1 RNA >30,000 copies/ml (rate ratio [RR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-3.9), antiretroviral monotherapy (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7-3.3); Latino/a ethnicity (RR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-4.2) and initial intermediate clinical status (RR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9). Sexually-infected adolescents >18 years who had been infected >3 to 6 years had a disease progression rate of 16 events per 100 PY. For these youths, the sole predictor of first progression was viral load (VL) (RR for VL >30,000 copies per ml, 8.4; 95% CI, 2.8-25.1). This article examines the predictive capacity of viral load and evaluates other cofactors for disease progression in different adolescent populations. These data will be of value in clinical trial design.     

The significance of an increased RQ after sucrose ingestion during prolonged aerobic exercise

Summary Four well-trained male subjects worked for periods of 6 h on bicycle ergometers at work loads requiring about 47% of their maximal aerobic capacity. In one series of studies they received only water; in a second series they received 100 g of sucrose containing 100 c U-C¹⁴-labelled sucrose at the beginning of the fourth hour of work. In a third series of experiments, the same subjects received 100 g of non-labelled sucrose at the beginning of the fourth hour. During the experiment without U-C¹⁴-labelled sucrose, blood samples were withdrawn and analysed for glucose, lactate and pyruvate content. Data from C¹⁴O₂ recovery in expired air showed a good correlation with the amount of carbohydrate oxidized during the sucrose experiment. Peak values for the respiratory exchange ratio showed the same time response as those observed for the C¹⁴O₂ in the expired air. It is concluded that the observed rise in RQ after sucrose ingestion, under the conditions studied, is of metabolic origin, resulting from a complete conversion of pyruvate to CO₂.     

Bacteriostatic effects of horse sera and serum fractions on Clostridium welchii type A, and the abolition of bacteriostasis by iron salts

Under a variety of conditions of concentration, Eh, and pH, horse anti-Clostridium welchii serum and normal horse serum exerted similar bacteriostatic effects against Cl. welchii Type A. Ferric iron abolished the bacteriostatic effect when added during the first 2 hours of incubation at Eh+60 mV. Ferrous iron abolished the bacteriostatic effect when added after 3 hours. Ferric iron abolished the bacteriostatic effect at—140 mV. A mixture consisting of horse β₂- and γ-globulins together with human transferrin exerted a bacteriostatic effect similar to that of whole serum. This system responded in the same way as whole serum to the addition of iron. A mixture of horse β₂- and γ-globulins exerted an immediate bactericidal effect which could not be prevented by ferric iron.     

Production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for staphylococcal enterotoxin B

We have generated monoclonal antibodies (MABs) to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in BALB/c mice. Five out of 20 clones which produce anti-SEB MABs have been characterised. Among them, three produce IgG1/kappa, one produces IgM/lambda, and one apparently produces both IgG1/lambda and IgM/lambda MABs. The anti-SEB titres of ascites fluids range from 3200 to greater than 819200 by ELISA. All of the MABs analysed thus far neutralise the mitogenic response of BALB/c splenocytes to a suboptimal dose of SEB. Also, the induction of suppressor cells by SEB in vitro is reversed by pre-incubating SEB with these MABs. Limited digestion with chymotrypsin, trypsin or Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease yields peptide fragments which have been tested by Western-blot analysis. MABs 1FD7 and 2GD9 are specific for the carboxy-terminal end of SEB, and have a similar, but not identical, binding epitope. MABs 2DA3 and 2HA10 bind to intact SEB but not to cleaved products, and are probably specific for antigenic determinants altered by the cleavage or by the denaturing conditions of the electrophoresis, or by both.