Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) A strain (CMV-A) isolated from Amaranthus tricolor was partially characterized at molecular level. Complete coat protein (CP) and movement protein (MP) ORFs were cloned and sequenced. The 657 bp region of CP gene and the 840 bp region of MP gene encode 218 and 276 amino acids, respectively. CP, at nucleotide level, showed 90-98% sequence identity with the CMV subgroup I and less than 80% with the CMV subgroup II, it showed at amino acid level 92-96% identity with the subgroup I and 74-87% with the subgroup II. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities of MP ranged in 91-94% and 92-96%, respectively with the subgroup I but in 81-83% with the subgroup II. Phylogenetic trees generated from nucleotide and amino acid sequences of both CP and MP genes identified the virus strain as a member of the subgroup IB. CMV-A CP also displayed a remarkably higher homology with Indian strains of CMV than with other CMV strains and formed a separate cluster within the subgroup IB. 相似文献
We retrospectively reviewed 74 fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cases of presumptive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). All the cases had cytology and core-needle biopsy and 53 cases had concurrent flow cytometric analysis. FNA (cytology and flow cytometry) and core-needle biopsy were evaluated independently. FNA was diagnostic of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL) in 25% (13/53) of cases and small B-cell NHL in 15% (8/53) of cases, whereas core-needle biopsy was diagnostic of DLBL in 37% (27/74) of cases and small B-cell NHL in 8% (6/74) of cases. Subclassification of small B-cell NHL was reached in 3/6 cases by core-needle biopsy. Insufficient cases were observed in both FNA (47%; 25/53) and core-needle biopsy (28%; 21/74) groups. With the combination of FNA and core-needle biopsy, diagnostic cases of DLBL increased to 43% (32/74) and insufficient samples were reduced to 16% (12/74). There was no clear advantage in the diagnosis and classification of small B-cell NHL by adding core-needle biopsy to FNA (14%; 10/74). We conclude that core-needle biopsy is a useful adjunct to FNA in the diagnosis of DLBL and shall be encouraged. In small B-cell NHL, core-needle biopsy does not add to the diagnostic ability of FNA. Cases insufficient for diagnosis may be seen in both core-needle biopsy and FNA. A combined approach reduces the number of insufficient cases and is recommended in routine FNA practice. 相似文献
Knowledge of the immune response to rotavirus is crucial for vaccine development. We compared an epitope-blocking assay (EBA) that uses VP7-specific monoclonal antibodies with neutralization assays (NAs) with polyclonal antisera for detecting serum antibody responses after natural rotavirus infection in children. Twenty-six serum pairs from children living in an orphanage with and without symptoms during two rotavirus outbreaks were evaluated for VP7 type 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-specific antibody responses. In the first outbreak, which was caused by a VP7 type 3 strain, homotypic antibody responses were detected in 11 of 11 symptomatic children by NA and in 10 of 11 symptomatic children by EBA. Heterotypic antibody responses were detected more frequently (12 of 15 children) by NA than by EBA, and the heterotypic epitope-blocking antibody responses occurred in children older than 14 months of age. Antibody responses in asymptomatic children were more commonly detected by EBA than by NA. EBA results from the sera of children in the second outbreak indicated that it was caused by VP7 type 4, whereas NA results suggested it was caused by VP7 type 3. Our results confirm that EBA is a sensitive and specific method for determining VP7 type-specific immune responses after natural rotavirus infections. 相似文献
Factors involved in the stability of trinucleotide repeats during
transmission were studied in 139 families in which a full mutation,
premutation or intermediate allele at either FRAXA or FRAXE was
segregating. The transmission of alleles at FRAXA, FRAXE and four
microsatellite loci were recorded for all individuals. Instability within
the minimal and common ranges (0-40 repeats for FRAXA, 0-30 repeats for
FRAXE) was extremely rare; only one example was observed, an increased in
size at FRAXA from 29 to 39 repeats. Four FRAXA and three FRAXE alleles in
the intermediate range (41-60) repeats for FRAXA, 31-60 for FRAXE) were
unstably transmitted. Instability was more frequent for FRAXA intermediate
alleles that had a tract of pure CGG greater than 37 although instability
only occurred in two of 13 such transmissions: the changes observed were
limited to only one or two repeats. Premutation FRAXA alleles over 100
repeats expanded to a full mutation during female transmission in 100% of
cases, in agreement with other published series. There was no clear
correlation between haplotype and probability of expansion of FRAXA
premutations. Instability at FRAXA or FRAXE was more often observed in
conjunction with a second instability at an independent locus suggesting
genomic instability as a possible mechanism by which at least some FRAXA
and FRAXE mutations arise.
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The excretion, tissue distribution, and binding of [14C]-formaldehyde were studied at different time intervals in male rats following a single intraperitoneal injection of 72 mg CH2O (14.7 Ci)/ kg body weight. Within 30 min, 10% of the total dose was recovered in expired air as14CO2 and by the end of 72 hr, 41% of the administered dose was eliminated through expired air. The total elimination of14CH2O activity in urine and feces in 72 hr was 15%. Erythrocytes retained significant amounts of radioactivity, even at the end of 72 hr. Substantial levels of radioactivity were detected in most tissues one hr after administration, indicating a fast absorption and rapid distribution. Subcellular fractionation of the tissues showed that the highest levels of relative percent binding was in the microsomal fraction, whereas cytosol fractions contained lowest levels of bound radioactivity. DNA, RNA, protein and lipid fractions of liver and spleen tissues showed significantly elevated levels of14C-incorporation as compared to other tissues. Thein vivo incorporation of14C-activity showed an increased association of14CH2O with RNA in all the tissues. The maximum registration of radioactivity in RNA was at 48 hr after administration. Significantly higher amounts of14C-activity were registered in DNA of all tissues. The maximum registration of radiolabel in DNA of most tissues was at 12 hr after the14CH2O administration. The liver DNA showed maximal levels at 3 hr with a second peak at 48 hr.Substantial amounts of bound radioactivity in nucleic acids of all the tissues were observed even 72 hr after dosing. The relationship between macromolecular association and formaldehyde toxicity has been discussed. 相似文献
To define the clinical and pathological patterns of urinary bladder carcinoma from the University Hospital of Nepal.
Methods
This is a retrospective analytical study. Patients with bladder mass who underwent surgery over 1 year and who had data record were included in the study. Demographic profile, type of surgery, findings on clinical examination, cystoscopy findings, histopathological report, tumor stage, and post-surgery adjuvant therapy were analyzed.
Results
Out of 86 patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor, 77 patients had biopsy-proven malignant bladder tumor. Urothelial cancer was present in 96.1%. Male were 78.6%. The mean age of diagnosis was 65.5?±?11.8 years. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) was 3.7 times more common than muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). High-grade tumors (58.6%) were more common than low grade (41.4%). The detrusor muscle was present inthe biopsy specimen of 48 patients (64%). Re-TURBT within 2–6 weeks was considered based on histopathology reports for about half of the patients (45.3%). Upstaging and upgrading of the tumor was present in 5.8 and 5.8% of the patients, respectively. Residual tumor without upstaging and upgrading was present in 23.5%. One patient (1.3%) had Clavien–Dindo grade 1, three (4%) patients had grade 2 and two patients (2.7%) had grade 3b.
Conclusion
In the present study, patients with bladder cancer are younger than reported in other studies. Smokers are strongly predisposed. The histological pattern is similar to the Western and Asian populations. NMIBC and MIBC occur in proportion to that described as in other studies. We had a lower rate of recurrence, upstaging and upgrading. We had a lesser rate of acceptance for radical cystectomy in our patients.
BackgroundCirrhotics often demonstrate worse outcomes than their non-cirrhotic counterparts following orthopedic surgery; however, there are limited arthroplasty-focused data on this occurrence. Additionally, variances in postoperative outcomes among the different etiologies of cirrhosis have not been well described. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect compensated cirrhosis had on postoperative outcomes following elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsIn total, 1,734,568 patients who underwent primary TKA from 2006 to 2013 were identified using the Medicare Claims Database. Patients were divided into those with a history of compensated cirrhosis and those with no history of liver disease. Subgroup analysis was performed based on the etiology of cirrhosis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate postsurgical outcomes of interest.ResultsCirrhotic patients had higher risk of developing disseminated intravascular coagulation (odds ratio [OR] 2.76, P = .003), encephalopathy (OR 3.00, P < .001), and periprosthetic infection (OR 1.79, P < .001) compared to controls. Following subgroup analysis, alcoholic cirrhotics had high risk of periprosthetic infection (OR 2.12, P < .001), fracture (OR 3.28, P < .001), transfusion (OR 2.45, P < .001), and encephalopathy (OR 7.34, P < .001) compared to controls. Viral cirrhosis was associated with an increase in 90-day charges ($14,941, P < .001) compared to controls, while cirrhosis secondary to other causes was associated with few adverse outcomes compared to controls.ConclusionLiver cirrhosis is an independent risk factor for increased perioperative morbidity and financial burden following TKA. Cirrhosis due to etiologies other than viral infections and alcoholism are associated with few adverse outcomes. Surgeons should be aware of these complications to properly optimize postoperative management. 相似文献
ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of enrollment and collecting patient-reported outcome (PRO) data as part of routine clinical urologic care for bladder and prostate cancer patients and examine overall patterns and racial variations in PRO use and symptom reports over time.Subjects/Patients and MethodsWe recruited 76 patients (n = 29 Black and n = 47 White) with prostate or bladder cancer at a single, comprehensive cancer center. The majority of prostate cancer patients had intermediate risk (57%) disease and underwent either radiation or prostatectomy. Over half (58%) of bladder cancer patients had muscle invasive disease and underwent cystectomy.Patients were asked to complete PRO symptom surveys using their preferred mode [web- or phone-based interactive voice response (IVR)]. Symptom summary reports were shared with providers during visits. Surveys were completed at 3 time points and assessed urinary, sexual, gastrointestinal, anxiety/depression, and sleep symptoms. Feasibility of enrollment and survey completion were calculated, and linear mixed effects models estimated differences in outcomes by race and time.ResultsSixty three percent of study participants completed all PRO measures at all 3 time points. Black patients were more likely to select IVR as their survey mode (40% vs. 13%, P < 0.05), and less likely to complete all surveys (55% vs. 74%, P = 0.13). Patients using IVR were also less likely to complete all surveys (41% vs. 69%, P = 0.046).ConclusionsReported preferences for survey mode and completion rates differ by race, which may influence survey completion rates and highlight potential obstacles for equitable implementation of PROs into clinical care. 相似文献
ObjectiveFinancial toxicity (FT) has been defined as the patient-level impact of the costs of cancer care. Our objective was to better characterize FT among bladder cancer patients as well as oncologic, demographic and insurance characteristics related to FT.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network Patient Survey Network using the validated COST (COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity) questionnaire. Our primary outcome was relative degree of FT, with lower COST scores corresponding to worse FT. Wilcoxon rank sum tests and multiple regression were used to evaluate differences in demographic, diagnostic and treatment characteristics as they related to degree of FT.ResultsAmong 226 patients, median age was 68 years with 64% male, 83% married, and 49% with Medicare with supplemental insurance. Respondents reported an average of 65 months since diagnosis, with 62% reporting noninvasive disease. Mean COST was 28.4 (range 0–44). On multivariable analysis, patients who were younger, with a household annual income less than $50,000, not retired, or with insurance that was neither Medicare nor employer paid were significantly more likely to have worse FT. A majority of respondents (63.5%) agreed or strongly agreed that they would be interested in discussing cost in the context of their treatment preferences, independent of COST score (P = 0.24).ConclusionsA national cross-sectional survey demonstrated high prevalence of FT which was worse among younger patients with lower incomes, not retired, and without employer-paid or Medicare insurance. Most patients preferred to discuss treatment costs with their bladder cancer provider. 相似文献
Previous research on sex ratio at birth (SRB) in India has largely relied on macro‐analysis of census data that do not contain the breadth of factors needed to explain patterns in SRB. Additionally, no previous research has examined the differentiation of factors associated with SRB across birth orders, a key determinant in societies affected by son preference. This study aims to fill these gaps using micro‐data related to 553,461 births occurring between 2005 and 2016 collected as part of the 2015–2016 National Family Health Survey. Analyses used multivariable logistic regressions stratified by birth order to examine associations with SRB at the national level. The SRB at birth order 1 was outside the biological normal limit, and generally increased with birth order. First births in households with wealth in the middle and richest quintiles, with mothers who desired a higher ideal number of sons than daughters, and in lower fertility communities had a higher probability of being male. Most SRB correlates were visible at birth orders 3 or higher. Programs and policies designed to address India's male‐skewed SRB must consider the diverse factors that influence SRB, particularly for higher order births. 相似文献