Endometrial expression of vasopressin, oxytocin and their receptors in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea and healthy volunteers at ovulation

OBJECTIVE: To investigate gene expressions for neurohypophyseal and ovarian hormones as well as their receptors in the endometrium of women with primary dysmenorrhoea and healthy subjects at ovulation. STUDY DESIGN: A group of eight women with moderate to severe dysmenorrhoea and eight healthy subjects were compared in parallel between 18 and 35 years of age, regularly menstruating, non-overweight and nulliparous. The study was performed at The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Lund, Sweden. Endometrial biopsies were taken around the time of ovulation, which was determined by repeated ultrasound examinations. Receptor and gene expressions for oxytocin and vasopressin in the tissue were measured. RESULTS: The gene expression for oxytocin receptor was significantly lower in dysmenorrhoic than in healthy women, in median 1.21 and 3.44 oxytocin-receptor/actin, respectively (p=0.048). The expressions for oxytocin peptide, vasopressin V1a receptor, oestrogen receptor alpha, beta and progesterone receptor did not differ between the two groups. Expression of vasopressin peptide was not detectable. CONCLUSION: A lower oxytocin receptor gene expression at mid-cycle could be involved in the aetiology of primary dysmenorrhoea. However, the importance of a paracrine effect of oxytocin and its receptor at ovulation warrants further investigation.     

Physical injury from intimate partner violence: measurement strategies and challenges

Physical injury that occurs as a result of intimate partner violence needs to be treated to relieve pain, promote healing, and prevent infection. Detection of physical injury is an important component of the forensic examination because of its role in criminal justice proceedings. Better detection and measurement techniques are needed to quantify physical injuries and advance the science. This article addresses current practices of injury identification, challenges in injury measurement, and future directions for research.     

National Scale Real-Time Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Dynamics by Wastewater Monitoring in Israel

In this report, we describe a national-scale monitoring of the SARS-CoV-2 (SC-2) variant dynamics in Israel, using multiple-time sampling of 13 wastewater treatment plants. We used a combination of inclusive and selective quantitative PCR assays that specifically identify variants A19/A20 or B.1.1.7 and tested each sample for the presence and relative viral RNA load of each variant. We show that between December 2020 and March 2021, a complete shift in the SC-2 variant circulation was observed, where the B.1.1.7 replaced the A19 in all examined test points. We further show that the normalized viral load (NVL) values and the average new cases per week reached a peak in January 2021 and then decreased gradually in almost all test points, in parallel with the progression of the national vaccination campaign, during February–March 2021. This study demonstrates the importance of monitoring SC-2 variant by using a combination of inclusive and selective PCR tests on a national scale through wastewater sampling, which is far more amendable for high-throughput monitoring compared with sequencing. This approach may be useful for real-time dynamics surveillance of current and future variants, such as the Omicron (BA.1, BA.2) and other variants.